Journal ArticleDOI
Settlements of immersed tunnels
Birger Schmidt,Walter C. Grantz +1 more
TLDR
In this paper, the design and construction of the Second Hampton Roads Tunnel is described, and the settlement performance of the tunnel is analyzed based on the first tunnel and the second tunnel.Abstract:
Most immersed tunnels are placed in underwater trenches and add little net load to the foundation soils. Reloading settlements, compression of foundation courses and construction activities can nonetheless result in appreciable settlements of tunnel elements which can threaten tunnel alignments, joints between individual elements, or the structural integrity of the tunnel elements. This paper describes the design and construction of the Second Hampton Roads Tunnel. It provides assessment of tunnel displacements and describes the settlement performance of the tunnel. For example, settlement data from the First Hampton Roads Tunnel correlate well with those from the second tunnel. Rational methods for forecasting total and differential tunnel settlements are shown to produce reasonably reliable results when construction factors are fairly considered. Soil compressibility data for reloading are essential for such settlement analyses.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of tunneling-induced soil disturbance on the post-construction settlement in structured soft soils
TL;DR: In this paper, a suite of three dimensional finite-element analyses are performed to investigate soil disturbance during tunneling construction, and the analysis results show that the excessively high or low support pressure and grout ratio can both cause severe soil disturbance degree, which results in significant post-construction settlement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Investigation of the long-term settlement of a cut-and-cover metro tunnel in a soft deposit
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the long-term settlement of Nanjing Metro Line 10 in China and found that the excessive settlement and large differential settlement of the tunnel were primarily caused by the deep and non-uniform distribution of the underlying soft soil.
Journal ArticleDOI
Challenges and strategies involved in designing and constructing a 6 km immersed tunnel: A case study of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge
Zhi-nan Hu,Yongli Xie,Jun Wang +2 more
TL;DR: A 6 km immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) has been designed and funded as discussed by the authors, which will break the record of the 5.8km BART Tunnel in the United States, although it will soon be overtaken by the ∼20km Fehmarn Tunnel between Denmark and Germany that is to be completed in 2020.
Journal ArticleDOI
Grouting-based treatment of tunnel settlement: Practice in Shanghai
TL;DR: In this paper, a grouting-based treatment technology for tunnel settlement in the soft deposits of Shanghai, China is presented, where a dual-fluid system of cement and sodium silicate is adopted in the proposed grouting based treatment technology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differential Settlement and Induced Structural Damage in a Cut-and-Cover Subway Tunnel in a Soft Deposit
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the differential settlement and induced structural damage in the west extension of Nanjing Metro Line 1 and found that approximately 10% of the vertical radius of curvature of the line violates the safety limit of 15,000m, and three typical kinds of cracks (i.e., transverse cracks in the tunnel roof and in the track bed, and inclined cracks in outer wall) and leakage have occurred.