Contribuer a l’elaboration d’un concept europeen commun de service public implique de degager, dans une perspective historique, les principales convergences et divergences dans la construction quatre secteurs d'activites (police, education obligatoire, distribution d’eau et assainissement, transports collectifs), dans six pays (Allemagne, Angleterre, Belgique, Italie, France, Espagne et Suede). Si chaque pays a ses specificites historiques et culturelles, ils ont tous ete confrontes a des problemes et enjeux analogues, auxquels ils ont apporte des reponses comparables. De l’etude monographique de la construction sociale des differents services publics etudies, il est possible de reperer la constitution de mondes d’objets materiels et symboliques, notamment juridiques similaires, ainsi qu’une histoire sociale tendanciellement commune. L’institutionnalisation juridique de services publics accessibles a toutes les categories de la population a necessite une intervention publique massive. Dans ce processus, se degagent des constantes de l’encadrement juridique, quelles que soient les epoques et les lieux, tant dans la maitrise publique de l’etablissement des services (decisions prealables d’habilitation, determinations de conditions de realisation, concours financier public), que dans leur exploitation (fixations d’obligations envers le public, reglementation des modalites de financement, moyens de surveillance et controle). Des variantes apparaissent egalement qui dependent davantage des epoques que des secteurs d'activite ou des pays. Elles portent essentiellement sur le degre d’intervention publique directe dans la fourniture des services et sur le degre de concurrence effective dans les secteurs de service. Ces differents elements constituent les composantes d’un concept commun europeen, apprehende dans sa complexite. Les profondes transformations en cours impulsees par l’orientation neoliberale de l’Union europeenne posent la question du devenir de ce concept commun.

Sociologie de la Police

La construction des services publics en Europe : contribution à l’élaboration d’un concept commun

By analysing French and German police stop and search on the streets based on embedded observations in police patrols and findings of a large school survey, this article comparatively questions their determinants. Control practices diverge in their frequency: the German police officers control less proactively than their French counterparts. The targets of controls also differ: a concentration on visible minorities is much more pervasive among the French police officers. These divergences may be explained by contrasted professional orientations, especially the importance given to the crime control agenda, and state/society relations.

Different styles of policing: discretionary power in street controls by the public police in France and Germany

This article describes the police intelligence division-of-labour. It is argued that police organisation gains overall coherence in relation to the ‘police metier’; a rationale that allows protagonists in the police world to make sense of an irrational workplace structure where personal loyalty, trust and honour (not formal organisational logic) form the basis of action and compliance. The concept of the police metier is defined in terms of the police professional concern with the mastery of surveillance and coercion in the reproduction of order, the making of crime and the governance of insecurity, and it is the polestar of the police mindset. The article describes the police intelligence division-of-labour paying specific attention to four different aspects of intelligence activity: the acquisition of intelligence or information; the analysis of information in the production of intelligence; tasking and co-ordination on the basis of intelligence ‘product’; or being tasked on that same basis. The...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10439463.2017.1342645

The police intelligence division-of-labour

Quelles sont les dynamiques de l'enquete criminelle ? 
Une demarche relative a sa performance revet-elle un interet ?

La presente etude aborde le travail d'investigation dans une approche qui se souhaite originale et pluri-disciplinaire. 

D'abord, dans le cadre d'un etat de l'art, l'enquete est decrite dans ses differents aspects au travers :
- des concepts qui l'animent (processus d'information, technologie de savoir, moyen de production d'une verite) ;
- de ses evolutions et de ses adaptations au contexte (historique, institutionnel, criminel) ;
- des mythes et realites qui construisent l'identite de l'enqueteur ;
- des processus qui l'animent et des parametres qui fondent son systeme ;
- de l'analyse de ses facteurs de performance.

Ensuite, une experimentation empirique est realisee aupres de trois services de la gendarmerie et de la police francaise de 2012 a 2017.
Elle permet de realiser un examen de l'enquete et du systeme de representation de l'enqueteur en croisant trois approches :
- une etude quantitative de 600 procedures judiciaires courantes au prisme de 130 facteurs ;
- une etude qualitative de 3 enquetes relatives a des faits graves et complexes ;
- une etude subjective dans le cadre d'un sondage aupres de 900 enqueteurs.

Analysant l'influence reelle et percue des facteurs institutionnels et non institutionnels, cette these expose les equilibres subtils des jeux de pouvoirs entre les acteurs de l'enquete, entre la transparence et le secret, entre l'efficacite policiere et la protection des libertes individuelles, entre le role des hommes et celui des structures. 
Ce travail de recherche propose la creation d'un dispositif auto-apprenant en matiere d'investigation judiciaire. Au regard des evolutions de la societe, il interroge la legitimite de l'enquete parmi les autres modes de regulation sociale.

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What are the dynamics of the criminal investigation?
Does the performance related approach represent an interest ?

The current study builds a work of investigation in an original and multidisciplinary way.

First, in the framework of a state of the art, the investigation is described in its various aspects through :
- concepts that drive it (information process, knowledge technology, means of producing a truth) ;
- its evolutions and adaptations to the context (historical, institutional, criminal) ;
- myths and realities related to the identity of the investigator ;
- the processes that drive it and the parameters that underpin its system ;
- the analysis of its performance factors.

Then, an empirical experiment is carried out with three services of the French gendarmerie and police from 2012 to 2017.
It allows a review of the survey and the investigator's system of representation by crossing three approaches :
- a quantitative study of 600 daily trial court proceeding using 130 factors ;
- a qualitative study of 3 investigations relating to serious and complex facts ;
- a subjective study in a survey of 900 investigators.

Analyzing the real and perceived influence of the institutional and non-institutional factors, this thesis exposes the checks and balances of power relationships among actors of the investigation, between transparency and secrecy, between police efficiency and the protection of individual liberties, between the role of men and structures.

This research project proposes the creation of a self-learning device for judicial investigation. It’s questioning the legitimacy of the investigation among the other modes of social regulation in accordance with the evolutions of the society

Management de l'enquête et ingénierie judiciaire, recherche relative à l'évaluation des processus d'investigation criminelle

Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western countries, and compared to criminology in general, the comparative study of policing is an underdeveloped area of research. We acknowledge the practical and theoretical difficulties of such an approach, but we defend its main benefits. Studying policing comparatively allows for a better knowledge of national systems, an understanding of basic concepts such as centralisation, and a stronger recognition of the diverging and converging trends in policing policies at a global level. Traditional comparisons of national models considered policing systems in broad categories (Anglo-Saxon vs. continental European, for example). Here, we suggest rather that models need to be broken down into their elementary components and main organisational features (degree of centralisation, mechanisms of oversight and others).

Sociologie de la Police

Citations

La construction des services publics en Europe : contribution à l’élaboration d’un concept commun

Different styles of policing: discretionary power in street controls by the public police in France and Germany

The police intelligence division-of-labour

Management de l'enquête et ingénierie judiciaire, recherche relative à l'évaluation des processus d'investigation criminelle

Studying policing comparatively: obstacles, preliminary results and promises

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