Field methodology is currently a much-discussed subject in anthropology. As usually conceived, research is a task carried out by an "outsider" or "stranger" who enters a society and attempts to learn about the way of life of its people. Thus, most discussions center on problems encountered by the outsider. But there is another vantage point from which research can be conducted - that of "insider," the person who conducts research on the cultural, racial, or ethnic group of which he himself is a member. The goal of this paper is to explore some of the problems of field work faced by such inside researchers.

The Making of Man: An Outline of Anthropology

Towards a Native Anthropology

Recent studies have detailed a remarkable degree of genetic and linguistic diversity in Northern Island Melanesia. Here we utilize that diversity to examine two models of genetic and linguistic coevolution. The first model predicts that genetic and linguistic correspondences formed following population splits and isolation at the time of early range expansions into the region. The second is analogous to the genetic model of isolation by distance, and it predicts that genetic and linguistic correspondences formed through continuing genetic and linguistic exchange between neighboring populations. We tested the predictions of the two models by comparing observed and simulated patterns of genetic variation, genetic and linguistic trees, and matrices of genetic, linguistic, and geographic distances. The data consist of 751 autosomal microsatellites and 108 structural linguistic features collected from 33 Northern Island Melanesian populations. The results of the tests indicate that linguistic and genetic exchange have erased any evidence of a splitting and isolation process that might have occurred early in the settlement history of the region. The correlation patterns are also inconsistent with the predictions of the isolation by distance coevolutionary process in the larger Northern Island Melanesian region, but there is strong evidence for the process in the rugged interior of the largest island in the region (New Britain). There we found some of the strongest recorded correlations between genetic, linguistic, and geographic distances. We also found that, throughout the region, linguistic features have generally been less likely to diffuse across population boundaries than genes. The results from our study, based on exceptionally fine-grained data, show that local genetic and linguistic exchange are likely to obscure evidence of the early history of a region, and that language barriers do not particularly hinder genetic exchange. In contrast, global patterns may emphasize more ancient demographic events, including population splits associated with the early colonization of major world regions.

/pdf/genetic-and-linguistic-coevolution-in-northern-island-10tdl65f7y.pdf

Genetic and Linguistic Coevolution in Northern Island Melanesia

This book explores the origins and history of the modern American movement for homosexual rights, which originated in Los Angeles in the late 1940s and continues today. Part ethnography and part social history, it is a detailed account of the history of the movement as manifested through the emergence of four related organizations: Mattachine, ONE Incorporated, the Homosexual Information Center (HIC), and the Institute for the Study of Human Resources (ISHR), which began doing business as ONE Incorporated when the two organizations merged in 1995. Pre-Gay L.A. is a chronicle of how one clandestine special interest association emerged as a powerful political force that spawned several other organizations over a period of more than sixty years. Relying on extended interviews with participants as well as a full review of the archives of the Homosexual Information Center, C. Todd White unearths the institutional histories of the gay and lesbian rights movement and the myriad personalities involved, including Mattachine founder Harry Hay; ONE Magazine editors Dale Jennings, Donald Slater, and Irma Wolf; ONE Incorporated founder Dorr Legg; and many others. Fighting to decriminalize homosexuality and to obtain equal rights, the viable organizations that these individuals helped to establish significantly impacted legal policies not only in Los Angeles but across the United States, affecting the lives of most of us living in America today.

Pre-Gay L.A.: A Social History of the Movement for Homosexual Rights

A Space for Conceptualizing Person-Group Relationships

Like those who have preceded me in writing Overviews for the Annual Review of Anthropology, I became an anthropologist through a series of accidents. It was still true during my undergraduate years at Columbia (1932-36) that anthropology programs existed only at the graduate level, and even then at only a few universities. The central figure was, of course, Franz Boas at Columbia, and anthropology programs at other universities were, to my knowledge, all founded by students of Boas. Anthropology during that period had a very important component in museums and governmental institutions such as the Bureau of American Ethnology, a role which has diminished proportionally during my life. Because of Boas' stature in the field and its chronological priority, the Columbia program during the period that I was an undergraduate there had an indisputable primacy in the country. As an undergraduate, however, I was completely unaware of all this until the summer of 1935, just before I entered my senior year. During that summer I chanced to read a volume edited by Calverton, The Making of Man (5), available in the then popular and easily affordable Modem Library series. My

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.000245

The Making of Man: An Outline of Anthropology

Citations

Towards a Native Anthropology

Genetic and Linguistic Coevolution in Northern Island Melanesia

Pre-Gay L.A.: A Social History of the Movement for Homosexual Rights

A Space for Conceptualizing Person-Group Relationships

On Being a Linguistic Anthropologist

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