This article describes a series of experiments directed toward the following questions: (1) Do signals from musculotendinous receptors reach consciousness? (2) Does feed-forward information of muscular force and expected extent of voluntary movement exist? To answer these questions data from voluntary compression of springs and strain-gauge have been analysed in healthy young subjects and in patients with unilateral focal lesions of the cerebral hemispheres. By successive elimination of information from other sources it was possible to verify that receptors in muscles and tendons do signal movement magnitude and muscular tension to the cerebral cortex, and that this information does indeed reach consciousness. There also exists a feed-forward mechanism signalling parameters of voluntary contraction. However, it is unclear whether peripheral, subcortical, or intracortical loops are directly involved. Perception of signals of muscular tension is abolished by lesions of the contralateral cortex near the central sulcus. It is possible that there exist separate cortical projection areas for kinaesthetic signals from muscles and from joints.

The senses considered as perceptual systems

Sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex during voluntary movement in man.

In this target article we question the assumption that perception is divided into separate domains of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. We review implications of this assumption for theories of perception and for our understanding of ambient energy arrays (e.g., the optic and acoustic arrays) that are available to perceptual systems. We analyze three hypotheses about relations between ambient arrays and physical reality: (1) that there is an ambiguous relation between ambient energy arrays and physical reality, (2) that there is a unique relation between individual energy arrays and physical reality, and (3) that there is a redundant but unambiguous relation, within or across arrays, between energy arrays and physical reality. This is followed by a review of the physics of motion, focusing on the existence and status of referents for physical motion. Our review indicates that it is not possible, in principle, for there to be a unique relation between physical motion and the structure of individual energy arrays. We argue that physical motion relative to different referents is specified only in the global array, which consists of higher-order relations across different forms of energy. The existence of specificity in the global array is consistent with the idea of direct perception, and so poses a challenge to traditional, inference-based theories of perception and cognition. However, it also presents a challenge to much of the ecological approach to perception and action, which has accepted the assumption of separate senses.

On specification and the senses.

The research base for APA's learner-centered psychological principles.

We present a new model for the general study of how the truth and biases affect human judgment. In the truth and bias model, judgments about the world are pulled by 2 primary forces, the truth force and the bias force, and these 2 forces are interrelated. The truth and bias model differentiates force and value, where the force is the strength of the attraction and the value is the location toward which the judgment is attracted. The model also makes a formal theoretical distinction between bias and moderator variables. Two major classes of biases are discussed: biases that are measured with variables (e.g., assumed similarity) and directional bias, which refers to the extent to which judgments are pulled toward 1 end of the judgment continuum. Moderator variables are conceptualized as variables that affect the accuracy and bias forces but that do not affect judgments directly. We illustrate the model with 4 examples. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, methodological, measurement, and design implications of the model.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/118/2/357.pdf

The Truth and Bias Model of Judgment

Earlier chapters have described the personal situations of the respondents in various areas, including work and retirement, health, income, and social relationships. The attitudes of the respondents toward their particular circumstances were examined as well as their experiences within these areas. This chapter expands the discussion to include attitudes toward themselves, their lives in general, and the political arena. In both 1964 and 1974 the men were asked to reflect on their general life situations. In 1974 they also responded to a variety of questions measuring their sense of satisfaction with their lives, their feelings of self-esteem and anomie, and their attitudes toward political affairs and intervention by the government on behalf of its citizens.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-94-009-4978-2_11.pdf

The senses considered as perceptual systems

Citations

Sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex during voluntary movement in man.

On specification and the senses.

The research base for APA's learner-centered psychological principles.

The Truth and Bias Model of Judgment

Attitudes and Perceptions

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