THE USUAL CONCEPTION OF VISUAL GUIDANCE OF LOCOMOTION IS THAT IT INVOLVES THE PROBLEM OF KNOWING WHERE ONE IS HEADING. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THIS POINT CORRESPONDS TO THE CENTER OF THE RADIAL VISUAL EXPANSION OF THE SURFACE BEING APPROACHED; AND A NUMBER OF WAYS IN WHICH THE EXPANSION PATTERN MIGHT BE UTILIZED IN DETECTING THIS POINT HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED. THIS CONCEPTION OF THE PROBLEM IS REJECTED AND IT IS ARGUED THAT GUIDANCE SITUATIONS REQUIRING ACCURACY INVOLVE LOCOMOTION TOWARD A SPECIFIC TARGET. THE PERCEPTUAL INFORMATION FOR THIS GUIDANCE IS PROVIDED BY THE MOVEMENT OF THIS TARGET, THE PRESENCE AND NATURE OF ANY DRIFT SIGNALING THE PRESENCE OF A HEADING ERROR, AND THE NATURE OF THE CORRECTION REQUIRED. THE RESULTS FROM A NIGHT-DRIVING SIMULATOR CURRENTLY BEING USED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES FIT THE DRIFT-CANCELLATION HYPOTHESIS AS THE POSITION OF THE TAILLIGHTS WAS STABILIZED AND DRIFT CANCELLED. /AUTHOR/

The senses considered as perceptual systems

Visual guidance of locomotion.

Cognitive engineering is largely concerned with creating environmental designs to support skillful and effective human activity. A set of necessary conditions are proposed for psychological models capable of supporting this enterprise. An analysis of the psychological nature of the design product is used to identify a set of constraints that models must meet if they can usefully guide design. It is concluded that cognitive engineering requires models with resources for describing the integrated human-environment system, and that these models must be capable of describing the activities underlying fluent and effective interaction. These features are required in order to be able to predict the cognitive activity that will be required given various design concepts, and to design systems that promote the acquisition of fluent, skilled behavior. These necessary conditions suggest that an ecological approach can provide valuable resources for psychological modeling to support design. Relying heavily on concepts from Brunswik's and Gibson's ecological theories, ecological task analysis is proposed as a framework in which to predict the types of cognitive activity required to achieve productive behavior, and to suggest how interfaces can be manipulated to alleviate certain types of cognitive demands. The framework is described in terms, and illustrated with an example from the previous research on modeling skilled human-environment interaction.

Requirements for psychological models to support design: Towards ecological task analysis

Performance analysis research in association football has recently cusped a paradigmatic shift in the way tactical behaviours are studied. Based on insights from system complexity research, a growing number of studies now analyse tactical behaviours in football based on the collective movements of team players. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a summary of empirical research on collective tactical behaviours in football, with a particular focus on organising the methods used and their key findings. A systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed on one database (Web of Science Core Collection) and one search engine (PubMed), based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The keywords ‘football’ and ‘soccer’ were each paired with all possible combinations of the following keywords: ‘collective movement behaviour’, ‘collective behaviour’, ‘tactical behaviour’, ‘interpersonal coordination’, ‘space’, ‘Voronoi’, ‘synchronisation’, ‘tactical analysis’, ‘constraints’, ‘ecological dynamics’, and ‘dynamic positioning’. Empirical studies that were related to tactical analyses of footballers’ positional data were sought for inclusion and analysis. Full-text articles of 77 studies were reviewed. A total of 27 tactical variables were identified, which were subsequently organised into 6 categories. In addition to conventional methods of linear analysis, 11 methods of nonlinear analysis were also used, which can be organised into measures of predictability (4 methods) and synchronisation (7 methods). The key findings of the reviewed studies were organised into two themes: levels of analysis, and levels of expertise. Some trends in key findings revealed the following collective behaviours as possible indicators of better tactical expertise: higher movement regularity; wider dispersion in youth players and shorter readjustment delay between teammates and opponents. Characteristic behaviours were also observed as an effect of playing position, numerical inequality, and task constraints. Future research should focus on contextualising positional data, incorporating the needs of coaching staff, to better bridge the research-practice gap.

A Systematic Review of Collective Tactical Behaviours in Football Using Positional Data.

We outline an approach to speech understanding, Polysp (for POLYsystemic SPeech understanding) that combines a richly-structured, polysystemic linguistic model derived from Firthian prosodic analysis and declarative phonology, with psychological and neuropsychological approaches to the organization of sensory experience into knowledge. We propose that the type of approach exemplified by Polysp promises a fruitful way of conceptualisi ng how meaning is understood from spoken utterances, partly by ascribing an important role to all kinds of systematic fine phonetic detail available in the physical speech signal and by rejecting assumptions that the physical signal is analysed as early as possible into abstract linguistic units. Polysp provides a framework by which episodic multimodal sensory experience of speech can be simultaneousl y processed into different types of linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge at a variety of levels of abstraction, with the emphasis always on understanding meaning in order to interact with another person rather than on building a complete description of a given utterance at successive, obligatory stages of formal linguistic analysis. We discuss phonetic data consistent with these views. This paper explores the contribution of phonetic knowledge to how we understand words, and some implications for what makes a plausible model of spoken word understanding. We show that certain types of fine phonetic detail systematically reflect not just the phonemic content but the wider phonological and grammatical structure of the message; that while some systematic differences in phonetic fine detail are relatively localised in the speech signal, others stretch over several syllables; and that both types can make speech easier to understand. We make the case that one consequence of neglecting fine phonetic detail in models of spoken word recognition and understanding is that other processes and stages of analysis may be given inappropriate emphasis, and that this has happened in models which adopt the convenient fiction that the phoneme is the basic input unit to the lexicon. In consequence, no current phonetic or psycholinguistic theory accounts satisfactorily for how normal connected speech is understood.

The senses considered as perceptual systems

Citations

Visual guidance of locomotion.

Requirements for psychological models to support design: Towards ecological task analysis

A Systematic Review of Collective Tactical Behaviours in Football Using Positional Data.

Polysp: a polysystemic, phonetically-ric h approach to speech understanding

Towards a Biology of Traditions

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