The social psychology of stigma.
Brenda Major,Laurie T. O’Brien +1 more
TLDR
This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma by reviewing and organizing recent theory and empirical research within an identity threat model of stigma, which posits that situational cues, collective representations of one's stigma status, and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals of the significance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being.Abstract:
This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma. Stigma directly affects the stigmatized via mechanisms of discrimination, expectancy confirmation, and automatic stereotype activation, and indirectly via threats to personal and social identity. We review and organize recent theory and empirical research within an identity threat model of stigma. This model posits that situational cues, collective representations of one's stigma status, and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals of the significance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being. Identity threat results when stigma-relevant stressors are appraised as potentially harmful to one's social identity and as exceeding one's coping resources. Identity threat creates involuntary stress responses and motivates attempts at threat reduction through coping strategies. Stress responses and coping efforts affect important outcomes such as self-esteem, academic achievement, and health. Identity threat perspectives help to explain the...read more
Citations
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A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
TL;DR: The meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice, and this result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities.
TL;DR: This work provides illustrative evidence on the health consequences of stigma and presents a conceptual framework describing the psychological and structural pathways through which stigma influences health.
Journal ArticleDOI
How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework.
TL;DR: It is argued that this framework can, theoretically, illuminate how stigma adversely affects mental health and, practically, inform clinical interventions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation.
TL;DR: The concept of legitimacy has a long history within social thought and social psychology, and it has emerged as increasingly important within recent research on the dynamics of political, legal, and social systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Integrated Process Model of Stereotype Threat Effects on Performance
TL;DR: It is argued that stereotype threat disrupts performance via 3 distinct, yet interrelated, mechanisms: a physiological stress response that directly impairs prefrontal processing, a tendency to actively monitor performance, and efforts to suppress negative thoughts and emotions in the service of self-regulation.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.
Melvin L. DeFleur,Erving Goffman +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between information control and personal identity, including the Discredited and the Discreditable Social Information Visibility Personal Identity Biography Biographical Others Passing Techniques of Information Control Covering.
Book ChapterDOI
The social identity theory of intergroup behavior
Henri Tajfel,John C. Turner +1 more
TL;DR: A theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory is presented in this article. But the analysis is limited to the case where the salient dimensions of the intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.
Book
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between information control and personal identity, including the Discredited and the Discreditable Social Information Visibility Personal Identity Biography Biographical Others Passing Techniques of Information Control Covering.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
Claude M. Steele,Joshua Aronson +1 more
TL;DR: The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed and mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Threat in the Air How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance
TL;DR: Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups, that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.