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Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta‐analysis

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TLDR
A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to determine the global prevalence of tocophobia in pregnancy and found that women with tocobia in pregnancy are more likely to have a fear of pregnancy and childbirth.
Abstract
Introduction Tocophobia is defined as a severe fear of pregnancy and childbirth. There is increasing evidence that tocophobia may have short‐term and long‐term adverse effects on mother and baby. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the global prevalence of tocophobia in pregnancy. Material and methods Relevant articles were identified through searching six relevant databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Pubmed, PsycINFO, Maternity & Infant Care and Scopus between 1946 and April 2016. We used search terms for tocophobia prevalence in pregnant women that we agreed on with a medical librarian. There were no language restrictions. Two review authors independently assessed data for inclusion, extracted data and assessed quality using a standardized appraisal tool. Meta‐analysis was performed to determine the overall pooled‐prevalence of tocophobia. Several subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results Thirty‐three studies were included in the systematic review from 18 countries of which data from 29 studies were used in the meta‐analysis of 853 988 pregnant women. Definition of tocophobia varied, whereas prevalence rates ranged between 3.7 and 43%. The overall pooled prevalence of tocophobia, using a random‐effects model, was 14% (95% CI 0.12–0.16). Significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 99.25%, p = 0.00), which was not explained in subgroup analyses including tocophobia definition used, screening trimester and parity. Conclusion The prevalence of tocophobia is estimated at 14% and appears to have increased in recent years (2000 onwards). Considerable heterogeneity (99.25%) was noted that may be attributed to lack of consensus on the definition of tocophobia, so our results should be interpreted with caution.

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Citations
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The Prevalence of Tic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

TL;DR: Tic disorders are more common in children than adults, in boys than girls, and in special education populations, and the prevalence was higher in all studies performed inspecial education populations.
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Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review.

TL;DR: Findings demonstrate the need for creating woman-centred birthing environments where women can feel free and secure with low risk of negative or traumatic birth experiences and consequent fear.
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Support for pregnant women identified with fear of childbirth (FOC)/tokophobia - A systematic review of approaches and interventions

TL;DR: There is evidence that both cognitive therapy sessions and a theory-based group psychoeducation with relaxation are effective interventions, and single or group psycho education sessions for nulliparous women or therapeutic conversation during pregnancy have the potential to strengthen women's self-efficacy and decrease the number of caesarean sections due to FOC.
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Motherhood in the Time of Coronavirus: The Impact of the Pandemic Emergency on Expectant and Postpartum Women's Psychological Well-Being.

TL;DR: Findings suggest the need for developing specific interventions targeted at women who cannot benefit from the support of their partners or family during pregnancy and in the first months after childbirth, integrating the evaluation of some traditionally studied variables with the specificities of the current situation.
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Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression, and couple adjustment.

TL;DR: Investigation of whether fear of childbirth can be predicted by socio-demographic variables, distressing experiences before pregnancy, medical-obstetric factors and psychological variables with a sample of 426 Italian primiparous pregnant women shows that anxiety as well as couple adjustment predictedFear of childbirth when treated as a continuous variable, while clinical depression predicted severe fear of pregnancy.
References
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Journal Article

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