Which gene responsible cancer?5 answersMultiple genes play crucial roles in cancer development. Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and gene fusions have been identified as key players in various types of cancer. Oncogenes like HER2and BRCA1/BRCA2are implicated in breast cancer, affecting tumor progression and genetic predisposition. Additionally, gene fusions such as ATG3-EPHB1, TNIK-RNF123, and SLC12A2-NRG2have been linked to cancer, influencing treatment effectiveness. Moreover, mutations in genes like ATMhave been associated with breast cancer, highlighting the complexity of genetic factors contributing to cancer. Understanding the roles of these genes is essential for targeted therapies and personalized treatment strategies in cancer patients.
How is cancer develope?5 answersCancer develops through a series of genetic changes that disrupt the normal regulation of cell growth and division. These changes can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and dysfunction in cellular processes. The development of cancer is a slow and stepwise process, starting with an initiation mutation in a driver gene in an adult stem cell. This mutation makes the cell more susceptible to further mutations, leading to the formation of unique subclones within the cancer. Over time, the cancer progresses and acquires new traits and capabilities, such as the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbed cellular electromagnetic activity are also implicated in cancer initiation and genome mutation. Overall, cancer development involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and cellular factors that contribute to the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
How cancer starts?4 answersCancer starts when initially healthy tissue cells accumulate specific mutations or genetic alterations. The process of cancer initiation is complex, involving multiple biochemical and biophysical processes that lead to a large number of possible pathways for the fixation of mutations. However, there are only a few dominating pathways on the road to tumor formation. The development of cancer is a slow, stepwise process that begins with an initiation mutation in a driver gene in an adult stem cell. This initiated cell becomes a clone and undergoes promotion, where random cells within the clone acquire additional mutations, forming unique subclones. Over time, as the nascent cancer grows, it undergoes progression, acquiring new mutations and changes in form and function. The origin of carcinomas is described as time-ordered cell state transitions undergone by epithelial cells in hyperplasia due to replicative senescence and inflammation.
CLOCK and cancer?3 answersThe circadian clock has been implicated in the development and progression of cancer. Disruption of the circadian clock can lead to dysregulation of important cancer-related pathways, such as insulin/IGF1/PI3K/mTOR signaling, resulting in uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and growth. Targeting the circadian clock and rhythms through pharmaceutical agents or environmental cues is a promising approach in cancer chronotherapy, which may improve tumor response and minimize adverse effects. Dysregulation of core circadian clock genes is frequently observed in human tumors, and pharmacological modulation of clock components has shown specific lethality in certain types of cancer cells, making it a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. However, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms of circadian clock dysregulation in different cancer types are not fully understood, and more research is needed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the connection between the circadian clock and cancer biology.
How cancer arises?5 answersCancer arises when cells disobey the mechanisms that control cell proliferation and start dividing uncontrollably. This can occur due to the gain of function of a proto-oncogene, which becomes oncogenic, or the failure of a tumor suppressor gene. Another hypothesis suggests that tumors arise from the excessive repair of damaged stem cells. Carcinogens induce stem cell damage, leading to overexpression of damage repair systems and simultaneous inactivation of repair-inhibiting systems, ultimately forming tumors. Recent discoveries have shown that at least some forms of cancer are generated as a result of mutational activation of genes, resulting in the production of dominant cancer genes. Mutations in adult stem cells that have the capacity to divide and proliferate in postnatal life can lead to cancer. Mutated oncogenes drive cell proliferation, while mutated tumor suppressor genes lose their ability to fix or eliminate mutations, allowing cancer cells to outcompete normal cells. Another hypothesis suggests that cancer cells might arise from a hybrid cell that comes from normal somatic cell fusion but obtains a proliferative advantage and metastatic capacity.
What are the symptoms associated with a history of cancer?4 answersSymptoms associated with a history of cancer include abnormal cell proliferation, which can lead to the formation of tumors that may infiltrate or spread to other parts of the body. Patients with cancer often experience multiple symptoms such as pain, dyspnea, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment, which can impair their daily functioning and quality of life. Women with a history of breast cancer may also experience vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbance, and cognitive complaints, which contribute to decreased quality of life. Common troublesome symptoms experienced by cancer survivors include fatigue, insomnia, neuropathy, and pain. Anxiety, depression, insomnia, fatigue, and pain are frequently reported by cancer patients, and these symptoms are highly interrelated.