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Copper in natural water samples can be determined easily.
These results clearly indicate that bioavailable background copper concentrations present in culture media have to be considered in the evaluation of toxicity test results, especially when the toxicity data are used for water quality guideline derivation and/or ecological risk assessment for metals.
In all, both the total copper concentration in runoff water and its bioavailable part undergo a significant and rapid reduction.
The findings are relevant for water purification and sensing applications as well as extraction of copper from oceans.
This agrees with the fact that this concentration of HA also increased the chronic toxicity of copper in hard water.
Further, AVS and interstitial water concentrations are not accurate predictors of copper bioavailability in Steilacoom Lake.
If such bioassays overestimate copper toxicity in surface waters, the relevance of water quality guidelines derived from these tests is questionable.

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