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SummaryIntravenous amino acids, by increasing extracellular amino acid concentration, transiently stimulate protein synthesis and suppress protein breakdown.
High protein intake increases the serum concentrations of most amino acids.
Ingestion of only small amounts of amino acids, combined with carbohydrates, can transiently increase muscle protein anabolism, but it has yet to be determined if these transient responses translate into an appreciable increase in muscle mass over a prolonged training period.
Physical activity and amino acids are additive in effect also in elderly individuals, and timing of training and protein intake is crucial, in that early intake of amino acids is advantageous with regards to stimulation of protein synthesis.
In strength athletes, amino acid supplementation has been proposed to increase the availability of essential amino acids, enhance anabolic processes promoting tissue accretion, and accelerate the rate of recovery during training.
Crystalline amino acids can be used to improve amino acid balance and reduce excessive intake of protein which should improve feed efficiency.
The results of this study suggest that high amino acids density throughout life optimized live weight and growth, whereas reductions in amino acids density reduced growth and live weight.
More importantly, administration of exogenous amino acids produces a significant increase in protein synthesis in these patients that is also equivalent to that in healthy elderly people.
Infusion of essential amino acids may result in enhancement of protein synthesis.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the additional intake of limiting amino acids would allow the sparing of muscle proteins.

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What are the lactate responses to incremental exercise and underlying physiology?
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Lactate responses to incremental exercise vary based on different conditions. Obese animals show faster blood lactate accumulation during exercise, linked to decreased exercise performance due to altered muscle and liver protein metabolism. Physiological systems exhibit distinct dynamics during incremental exercise, with changes in lactate and oxygen uptake parameters at specific intensity levels, suggesting a three-phase system with varying dynamics. In non-incline treadmill tests, maximal incremental exercise significantly increases blood lactate and glycemia levels, indicating metabolic responses to exercise intensity. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage leads to higher blood lactate concentrations during subsequent dynamic exercise, possibly due to increased glycogenolysis from Type II muscle fiber recruitment. Oxygenation responses at different body sites during ramp exercise show breakpoints related to traditional thresholds like maximal lactate steady state, suggesting complex but interconnected physiological events.
What are the energy nutrients?
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Energy nutrients are essential components that provide the body with the necessary fuel for various physiological functions. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol are the main sources of energy, producing different amounts of kilocalories per gram: 4, 9, 4, and 7, respectively. These nutrients play a crucial role in maintaining ideal body weight and preventing severe conditions like marasmus, cachexia, and obesity. Additionally, an energetic composition includes compounds with laxative properties, mineral salts, and assimilable carbohydrates for energy production. Studies on rat cerebellum slices show that glycine, glutamine, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol are utilized as energy nutrients, with glutamine being the most prominent for CO2 production in adults. Furthermore, a nutritional product composition for energy includes a blend of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and silica gel to enhance cellular energy production and combat fatigue.
How liver could play a substantial role in cancer related cachexia development?
5 answers
The liver plays a significant role in cancer-related cachexia development by contributing to systemic inflammation and metabolic disruption. In cachexia, the liver shows alterations in pathways related to mitochondrial function, glycogen catabolism, and lactate metabolism, potentially leading to inefficient energy utilization. Additionally, hepatic dysregulation exacerbates the pro-inflammatory response initiated by tumors, further promoting muscle and adipose tissue wasting. Studies have shown that cancer cachexia is associated with an increase in myeloid cell infiltration in the liver, along with modulation of the inflammasome pathway, leading to elevated release of interleukin-1β and systemic inflammation. These findings highlight the liver's crucial involvement in the pathogenesis of cancer-related cachexia through metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms.
Does unsaturated molecules as dienoic, trienoic, pentaenoic and hexaenoic conjugated systems is a measure of oxidative stress?
5 answers
Conjugated dienoic, trienoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic systems in unsaturated molecules serve as indicators of oxidative stress. These conjugated structures are formed as a result of oxidative attack on polyunsaturated fatty acids, leading to the generation of chromophoric triene and tetraene structures. Additionally, the measurement of lipid peroxidation products like F₂-isoprostanes derived from arachidonic acid provides an accurate assessment of oxidative stress levels both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in the context of childhood leukemia treatment, changes in oxidative stress, measured by F2-isoprostane concentrations, were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients receiving methotrexate, highlighting the association between oxidative stress and disease treatment. These findings collectively emphasize the significance of conjugated unsaturated systems in assessing oxidative stress levels in various biological contexts.
Amadori products degradation pathways
5 answers
The degradation pathways of Amadori products involve various reactions influenced by factors like temperature and additional compounds. Different Amadori analogs undergo distinct degradation processes. For instance, Derivative 1 and Derivative 2 yield different degradation products under varying conditions, with solvents like water and ethanol significantly affecting the outcomes. Furthermore, the thermal processing temperature plays a crucial role in flavor formation, with higher temperatures promoting the accumulation of specific compounds like pyrazines and furans. Additionally, the presence of additional compounds, such as glycylglycine, can impact the degradation of Amadori rearrangement products, leading to the formation of cross-linking products and other secondary compounds. Overall, the degradation pathways of Amadori products are complex processes influenced by multiple factors, ultimately affecting the flavor and browning formation in food systems.
How is a high protein food definied?
5 answers
A high protein food is typically characterized by a significant protein content, often ranging from 90% to 95% on a dry weight basis, and is produced through various methods. One approach involves extrusion processes where ingredients like acid casein, whey protein, alkali, and water are combined, followed by cutting, drying, and further processing to create either a crisp or powdered high protein food. Another method involves utilizing fermented paper mulberry leaf protein, soybean residues, and amino acid powder to enhance the nutrient content of the feed, providing rich protein nutrients for animals, improving immunity, growth, lean meat production, and meat quality. Additionally, high-protein snack foods can be created using fish ball wrappers, fish ball cores, and seasonings, resulting in a protein-rich, low-cholesterol, and nutritious snack.
How can plant amino-acids be beneficial to human?
4 answers
Plant amino acids can be beneficial to humans due to their role as essential building blocks of proteins, crucial for human development and health. Plant-based proteins offer a diverse array of amino acids, including essential ones like lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, which are vital for human growth, longevity, and metabolic health. These amino acids are present in various plant sources such as peanuts, soybeans, rice, and sunflowers, providing a well-rounded nutritional profile for human consumption. Additionally, plant amino acids can be utilized to enhance the nutritional quality of diets by combining different plant proteins to create complementary profiles of essential amino acids, ensuring adequate intake for optimal health. Therefore, incorporating plant amino acids into the diet can contribute significantly to meeting human health needs and promoting overall well-being.
What is the role of glutamine in cancer metabolism?
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Glutamine plays a crucial role in cancer metabolism by serving as a carbon source for lipid and metabolite synthesis, a nitrogen source for amino acids and nucleotides, and maintaining redox homeostasis. It is essential for supporting cell growth, activating signal transduction, and regulating redox balance in cancer cells, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prostate cancer (PCa). Glutamine metabolism also influences cancer stem cell (CSC) fate by contributing to various metabolic pathways, including ATP production, amino acid biosynthesis, and epigenetic modifications within the CSC population. Furthermore, glutamine metabolic reprogramming in tumors can activate multiple signaling pathways, promote oncogene expression, regulate tumor immunity, and contribute to drug resistance, highlighting its significance in cancer development and progression.
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
4 answers
The increase in heart rate during exercise is primarily due to a combination of neural and hormonal control mechanisms. Initially, at the onset of exercise, there is a reduction in parasympathetic neural activity, leading to an increase in heart rate. Subsequently, sympathetic neural drive is heightened, further elevating the heart rate. This response is mediated by the withdrawal of vagal tone, increased sympathetic tone, and the action of circulating catecholamines. Additionally, genetic studies have shown that the acute and long-term heart rate response to exercise is heritable, with various genes associated with heart rate increase and recovery during exercise. Therefore, the increase in heart rate during exercise is a complex interplay of neural, hormonal, and genetic factors.
Does HMB help reduce muscle protein breakdown in healthy adults?
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β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has shown promise in reducing muscle protein breakdown in healthy adults. Studies suggest that HMB supplementation can stimulate muscle protein synthesis, minimize muscle breakdown, and enhance recovery, potentially leading to increased muscle strength and hypertrophy. In older adults, HMB has been found to attenuate the progression of sarcopenia, increasing skeletal muscle mass and strength, especially when combined with physical exercise. Additionally, HMB has been associated with enhanced gains in muscle mass and strength in resistance training studies, indicating its potential to reduce muscle proteolysis and spare muscle mass during catabolic states. Although the exact mechanisms of action are not fully understood, HMB may positively impact muscle metabolism through pathways like mTOR and ubiquitin-proteasome, potentially increasing blood levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, which could explain its effects on muscle proteolysis.
How do ITC Seasonings compare to other seasoning blends in terms of flavor and quality?
4 answers
ITC Seasonings stand out in flavor and quality compared to other seasoning blends due to their unique compositions and preparation methods. Research by Farag et al. highlighted the use of various spices, onion, and garlic in curry blends, resulting in high sensory attributes and quality scores. Ren et al. emphasized that the β-buffer capacity of seasoning extracts reflects their taste quality and chemical composition, indicating a correlation between taste richness and electrolyte content. Feng's study introduced a compound seasoning with fresh shrimp extract, ribonucleotide, and spicy ingredients, offering a distinctive flavor profile and nutritional value. Additionally, Kede's work on natural meat flavor seasoning showcased a meticulous preparation process involving enzymolysis and vacuum concentration to enhance taste and richness, setting ITC Seasonings apart in the market.