How accurately does CFD predict airflow patterns around scaled-down models of aircraft surfaces compared to experimental wind tunnel tests?5 answersCFD simulations are increasingly used to predict airflow patterns around scaled-down aircraft models. Research has shown that CFD can accurately predict aerodynamic interference effects caused by support devices in wind tunnel tests. Additionally, studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CFD in evaluating the aerodynamic performance of control surfaces on aircraft models, showing good agreement with industrial data. Furthermore, investigations into rough wall functions in CFD simulations have highlighted the capability of certain models to provide accurate results with reduced computational costs when compared to wind tunnel experiments. While CFD codes like STAR-CCM+ and CFD++ have shown reasonable agreement with experimental data for skin friction loading, there are still challenges in predicting drag with high precision.
How does turbulence formation affect bridge pier stability and structural integrity in a dam break flow?5 answersTurbulence formation in dam break flows can significantly affect the stability and structural integrity of bridge piers. The presence of obstacles, such as buildings or mining pits, can alter the flow patterns and increase turbulence intensity around the piers. This increased turbulence can lead to excess scour and streambed instability, which can undermine the bridge piers. The randomness characteristics of turbulence, including Reynolds shear stresses and bursting events, play a crucial role in sediment transport and scour depth estimation. Understanding the near-bed turbulence characteristics is essential for predicting scour depth and designing effective scour protection measures. Additionally, in ice-covered conditions, the formation and accumulation of ice jams around bridge piers can further affect the stability of the piers and the flow conditions. Overall, turbulence formation in dam break flows has a significant impact on bridge pier stability and structural integrity, highlighting the need for accurate modeling and design considerations.
How to model wind flow and turbulence on an offshore oil platform?5 answersTo model wind flow and turbulence on an offshore oil platform, various approaches can be used. One approach is to analyze the effects of wind turbulence on the dynamic response of the platform using aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulations. These simulations can be performed using codes like OASIS, which take into account the coupled wind and wave loads on the platform. Another approach is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the hydrodynamic damping of the platform. CFD can accurately model the effects of wave radiation, skin friction, eddy making, and mooring line drag and inertia on the platform's motion. Additionally, the OIPSO algorithm can be used to calculate the external load (wind, wave, and ocean current) on the platform and simulate its movement for dynamic positioning. By combining these approaches, a comprehensive understanding of wind flow and turbulence on an offshore oil platform can be achieved.
What are the effects of different atmospheric conditions on the pyrolysis of wind turbine blades?3 answersThe atmospheric conditions during the pyrolysis of wind turbine blades have significant effects on the process and the properties of the recovered fibers. Pyrolysis in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere resulted in the production of CO2, CH4, and CO gases, as well as various phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis oil. The use of H2O as a gasifying agent increased the yields of pyrolysis gas and phenolic products, but slightly degraded the tensile strength of the recovered fibers. On the other hand, the presence of CO2 suppressed the cracking of epoxy resins, but degraded the tensile strength of the fibers to a greater extent. The pyrolysis of wind turbine blade components showed intense reactions in the matrix materials, while the fiber materials barely reacted. The resin matrix could be removed via pyrolysis, while the structures of the fiber materials could be retained.
How wind affects co2 fluxes?3 answersWind affects CO2 fluxes by influencing the gas exchange between the atmosphere and different environments. In the ocean, increasing wind speeds can lead to changes in the direction and magnitude of CO2 fluxes. Higher winds impact ingassing more, while changes in the low-to-intermediate wind speed range influence outgassing. The functionality of the gas exchange-wind speed relationship and the regional and seasonal differences in the air-water partial pressure of CO2 gradient also play a role in determining the impact of wind on CO2 fluxes. In soil, wind speed affects the gas exchange between the soil and atmosphere. Increased wind speed can lead to a twofold increase in CO2 emissions from the soil, while further increases in wind speed can decrease emissions. The effect of wind turbines and large wind farms on CO2 fluxes varies depending on wind direction and turbine operational status. Turbine wakes can enhance CO2 fluxes and entrain sensible heat toward the crop during the day, while at night, turbine wakes can enhance upward CO2 fluxes. The estimation of air-sea CO2 fluxes is sensitive to wind speed estimates and the parameterization of gas transfer with wind. Different wind products and gas exchange-wind speed parameterizations can lead to variations in the estimated CO2 fluxes. In the equatorial Pacific, wind speed is used to estimate CO2 fluxes, and there is a six-fold difference in the regional efflux of CO2 between different El Nino and La Nina events.
What are the effects of bubble behavior on turbulent heat transfer?3 answersBubble behavior has significant effects on turbulent heat transfer. The growth, sliding, and coalescence of bubbles in subcooled flow boiling were found to enhance heat transfer compared to stationary bubbles. In turbulent natural convection, the injection of sub-millimeter bubbles led to both heat transfer deterioration and enhancement, depending on the bubble flow rate. Fluid turbulence, which is influenced by bubble behavior, is associated with stronger drag, greater heat transfer, and more efficient mixing. In saturated FC-72 spray cooling, the interaction between bubbles and impinging droplets affected bubble parameters and heat transfer, with increased droplet flux enhancing both nucleate boiling and convection heat transfer. In microgravity, bubble behavior during pool boiling of degassed FC-72 resulted in different heat transfer characteristics, including the absence of a turning point from nucleate boiling to film boiling.