How can ESPAR antennas be used to improve the performance of OFDM systems?4 answersESPAR antennas can improve the performance of OFDM systems by enabling multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission using a single radio frequency (RF) chain. This is achieved by mapping OFDM symbols into the beamspace domain and using the ESPAR antenna to transmit multiple streams of OFDM symbols. The patterns of the ESPAR antenna can be decomposed onto an orthogonal basis set using the Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCM). To reduce the complexity of channel estimation in ESPAR-OFDM systems, various techniques have been proposed, such as the parallel multi-column compressive sensing (CS) algorithm and exploiting the symmetrical properties of the Digital Fourier transform (DFT). Additionally, the use of dielectric overlay permittivity can influence the parameters of miniaturized ESPAR antennas, allowing for size reduction and improved network performance. A structured CS method has also been proposed to overcome the matrix multiplication problem in CS-based channel estimation for ESPAR-OFDM systems.
How can OFDM-VLC modulation be used to improve the performance of VLC systems?5 answersOFDM-VLC modulation can be used to improve the performance of VLC systems in several ways. Firstly, it can reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in VLC systems, which improves system performance and reduces the risk of power distortion. Secondly, OFDM-VLC can address impairments caused by multipath and user mobility, such as inter-symbol interference (ISI) and frequency-domain spreading, leading to better system performance. Additionally, OFDM-VLC can support high data rates and improve the color qualities of white illumination light, making it suitable for simultaneous lighting and communication in VLC systems. Finally, OFDM-VLC can enhance channel estimation in indoor VLC systems, leading to improved system performance and reduced error rates.
What is the difference between SD-WAN and traditional WAN?5 answersSD-WAN is a software-based networking technology that offers simplified network management and seamless connectivity in the cloud computing era. It operates in a centralized manner, allowing for the control of the entire network at once, surpassing the limitations of traditional WANs. Compared to traditional WAN, SD-WAN decouples the control plane from gateway devices and enables centralized WAN management with dynamic reconfiguration. Additionally, SD-WAN can integrate with the underlay network, providing collaboration between underlay and overlay, network slicing, and service function chaining. SD-WAN also allows for the virtual management of data traffic, eliminating the need for manual routing and improving network performance. In summary, the key differences between SD-WAN and traditional WAN lie in their network management approach, flexibility, and ability to integrate with other network technologies.
What are the different network performance parameters used in data communications?5 answersDifferent network performance parameters used in data communications include latency, throughput, packet drop probability, Quality of Service (QoS), control energy, and error energy. Latency refers to the time it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination. Throughput measures the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time period. Packet drop probability indicates the likelihood of data packets being lost during transmission. QoS is a measure of the overall quality and reliability of the communication network. Control energy and error energy are used to evaluate the regulation performance of networked control systems. These parameters are important for assessing the efficiency, reliability, and overall performance of data communications networks.
What are the differences in the HER reaction rate between Pt/W18O49 and W18O49?5 answersThe HER reaction rate is higher for Pt/W18O49 compared to W18O49. Pt/W18O49 catalyst requires lower overpotentials to achieve high current densities in acidic water, outperforming the benchmark Pt/C catalyst. On the other hand, W18O49 nanowires exhibit lower HER activity under neutral conditions, with an overpotential of 83 mV at 10 mA cm−2.
What are the main factors that affect WiFi router performance?2 answersThe main factors that affect WiFi router performance include the increase in the deployment of WiFi access points, the type of applications generating traffic, the shape of the reflecting plate installed in the router, the density pressure and the power dissipation per IC package. The increase in WiFi access points poses challenges for WLAN design and implementation, especially when dealing with heterogeneous traffic generated by video streaming and audio applications. The shape of the reflecting plate installed in the router can reduce wasted radio wave and power, and increase radio wave radiation efficiency. The density pressure and lower power dissipation per IC package contribute to increasing component density in routers, allowing for higher density packaging without heat buildup.