How contact angle and surface tension effect to grouting process?4 answersContact angle and surface tension play crucial roles in the grouting process. The contact angle, influenced by surface properties, can significantly impact the wetting behavior of materials. For instance, changes in the contact angle due to laser surface treatment can modify the wettability characteristics of ceramics. Moreover, surface tension, a key factor in determining wetting phenomena, affects the permeability of grout materials over time. Understanding the interplay between contact angle and surface tension is essential for assessing the efficacy of grouting materials. Research has shown that alterations in surface properties, such as through laser treatment or chemical reactions, can lead to variations in contact angle and surface tension, ultimately influencing the success of the grouting process.
What factors affect the immobilization of PFA in soil?5 answersThe immobilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil is influenced by various factors. These include the physicochemical properties of the soil, such as organic matter content, pH, ionic strength, and mineral composition. Additionally, the presence of external sorbents like activated carbon can enhance PFAS sorption by increasing soil/water partitioning coefficients, thereby inhibiting leaching of PFAS into groundwater. Hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and PFAS functional group interactions with soil surfaces also play crucial roles in the immobilization process. Furthermore, the chain length of PFAS compounds affects their sorption capacity, with longer-chain PFAS exhibiting higher sorption strength compared to short-chain PFAS. Overall, a combination of soil properties, external sorbents, and PFAS characteristics collectively determine the effectiveness of immobilizing PFAS in soil.
How does the addition of benetonite affect the wettability of soils?5 answersThe addition of bentonite can significantly impact the wettability of soils by reducing the mobility of heavy metals like Ni and Cu, thus affecting their bioavailability and toxicity. Additionally, the use of Ca-bentonite in mixtures with other amendments has shown promising results in reducing the phyto-extraction of Cd and Zn in polluted soils, indicating a potential for soil stabilization. Furthermore, the study on the utilization of biogenic apatite from bone sorbent has demonstrated a decrease in Sr mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soil, showcasing the potential for immobilizing heavy metals and stabilizing soil conditions. Overall, the incorporation of bentonite and related materials can play a crucial role in enhancing soil quality and reducing the negative impacts of heavy metal pollution.
How does the addition of CLAY affect the wettability of soils?4 answersThe addition of clay can significantly impact the wettability of soils. Different types of clay, such as montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite, exhibit varying effects on wettability. Clay content influences contact angle values, affecting wettability in porous media. Silane-modified clay and soil show changes in wettability, with wettable surfaces enhancing Cd (II) removal in bioretention systems. Mixed clay minerals alter wettability from weakly water-wet to intermediate-wet with increasing pressure, affecting CO2 storage capacity and containment security. Surfactants can alter the wettability of sandstones containing clay minerals, shifting them from oil-wet to water-wet, impacting interfacial tension between oil and water. Overall, the addition of clay can significantly influence the wettability of soils, affecting various processes like fluid flow, pollutant removal, and oil recovery.
Does the contact angle increases with the increase in size of the droplet?5 answersThe contact angle of a droplet can indeed increase with its size. Research indicates that on hydrophobic surfaces, the contact angle tends to increase with decreasing droplet size, while on hydrophilic surfaces, the trend is reversed but weaker. Additionally, the contact angle can vary with the droplet's relative dimension, impacting wettability and dynamic behaviors on structured surfaces. Furthermore, the contact angle can exhibit hysteresis due to pinning forces, with the angle increasing linearly with droplet volume in microscopic behavior and reaching equilibrium as the droplet size increases in macroscopic behavior. These findings highlight the complex interplay between droplet size, surface properties, and contact angle variations.
What are the modification studies with clays to improve the performance of separators used in lithium ion batteries?5 answersModification studies with clays have been conducted to improve the performance of separators used in lithium-ion batteries. One study introduced vermiculite and laponite nanoparticles into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix, resulting in a composite separator with improved thermal stability, wettability, and electrochemical performance. Another study synthesized composites of montmorillonite (MMT) and polyaniline (PANI) and used them to modify a commercial separator. The MMT/PANI composites enhanced the electrolyte uptake capacity, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical performance of the separator, leading to improved capacity retention in lithium-ion battery cells. Additionally, a study reported the use of a natural clay mineral (illite/smectite) and carbon black coated separator, which exhibited super-electrolyte-philicity and good mechanical stability. The separator effectively trapped polysulfides and inhibited their shuttle effect, resulting in high initial reversible capacity and excellent cycle stability in lithium-sulfur batteries. These studies demonstrate the potential of clay-based modifications to enhance the performance of lithium-ion battery separators.