Effects of Load Carrying on Kinematics and Gait Kinetics?5 answersLoad carrying has been found to have significant effects on kinematics and gait kinetics. Studies have shown that carrying additional load, such as a weight vest or backpack, can lead to changes in spatiotemporal parameters, lower extremity joint kinematics, and vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF). These changes include longer stance phase, higher cadence, and increased knee flexion angles during walking with load. Load carriage also results in higher vGRF, both during running and walking, as well as altered foot strike patterns and joint strategies. Soldiers carrying heavy equipment experience increased joint angles, peak moments, and double support, along with decreased single support and walk speed. Additionally, heavier loads carried by special police officers lead to increased ground reaction forces and plantar pressures under different foot regions. Increased load carriage in male military personnel can affect lower limb kinematics, including joint angles and stance, swing, and double support times. These findings highlight the importance of considering load carrying effects on gait mechanics and the need for appropriate load management strategies.
How can kinematics of translation be explained?3 answersThe kinematics of translation can be explained by the motion of an object without any rotation. It involves the study of the relative positions, velocities, and accelerations of different points on the object as it moves in a straight line. In parallel mechanisms, translation kinematics can be achieved by using multiple limbs or modules that work together to provide pure translation motion. These mechanisms offer advantages such as simple kinematic relations, isotropic workspaces, and the ability to perform decoupled translational and rotational movements. The analysis of translation kinematics involves solving inverse kinematics problems based on connectivity relations and establishing matrix relations for simulation and analysis. The results obtained from kinematic analysis provide valuable information about the displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the moving platforms in parallel mechanisms.
What are some of the most important applications of kinesiology and biomechanics to the muscular system?4 answersKinesiology and biomechanics have several important applications to the muscular system. These include the analysis of squat techniques for strength training, evaluation and training of normal walking and running gait, and the estimation of compressive force on the low back and strength requirements of jobs in industry. Biomechanics is also used in the design of joint replacements for degenerated joints and in the assessment of injuries in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Additionally, biomechanical applications are necessary for monitoring the rehabilitation of patients with neurological disorders. These applications play a significant role in identifying causes of musculoskeletal disorders and controlling them in the workplace, providing objective quantification of physical stresses.
How is the experimental design for Stress Path Calculation?5 answersThe experimental design for stress path calculation involves the use of laboratory triaxial testing on soil samples to measure stiffness. A microcomputer-based control system is developed to enable stress path testing, allowing for independent variation of axial and radial stresses and back pressure. Anisotropic loading stiffness is measured using various pairs and unloading cycles or stress path probes. Factors such as sample disturbance, soil structure, threshold and stress history effects, apparatus design, and test procedure are assessed for their impact on stiffness measurements. Elasticity theory for cross-anisotropic soils is reviewed, particularly in relation to the triaxial apparatus, and its incorporation in the critical state model is discussed. Stress probe tests are used to investigate the variation of elastic stiffness parameters with soil state, and the results are compared with patterns of soil behavior found from strain path tests.
Current concepts in kinematic knee alignment?5 answersKinematic alignment (KA) is a widely used alignment philosophy in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It aims to restore the patient's individual prearthrotic anatomy and the axes of motion of the knee joint, allowing for minimal soft tissue balancing. There are different approaches to KA, including calipered KA, soft-tissue respecting KA, restricted KA, functional alignment, and inverse kinematic alignment. Each approach starts from a different point but aims to restore the patient's own harmony of knee elements. However, the existing implants and techniques have not yet perfectly fulfilled this goal. There is ongoing research and discussion regarding the optimal alignment technique for TKA, including neutral mechanical alignment, anatomical alignment, and functional alignment. Further studies are needed to explore the implications of different alignment techniques on patient outcomes and implant survivorship.
What are the results we get from a Stress strain graph of hydrogel?3 answersThe stress-strain graph of hydrogels provides information about their mechanical properties. Different stress-strain definitions are used to measure the elastic modulus of hydrogel materials, but there is no consensus on which definition should be employed. The strain-stress relation for hydrogels can be influenced by various factors such as the chemical composition of the fluid, strain rate, and water content. Hydrogels exhibit stress-relaxation when stretched, primarily due to strain-induced swelling of the polymer network. The time constant of stress decay in hydrogels depends on the significant length of the sample. The integration of high conductivity, enhanced mechanical performance, and plasticity into hydrogels is challenging, but conductive hydrogels with excellent comprehensive properties have been developed. These hydrogels demonstrate high water content, mechanical properties, and conductivity, making them suitable for the preparation of stress or strain sensors.