•How has mathematical modeling been traditionally used to understand and manage frequency dynamics?
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Mathematical modeling has been traditionally used to understand and manage frequency dynamics in power systems. As the share of renewable energy sources increases, the power system inertia decreases, which poses challenges to the frequency response dynamics and the secure operation of power systems . To address this issue, researchers have proposed various modeling methods and constraints to incorporate frequency dynamics into power system scheduling models. These methods consider the frequency security constraints and the ability of the system to regulate frequency under contingencies . By formulating linear frequency security constraints and evaluating their accuracy, researchers have shown the effectiveness and superiority of their proposed methods in managing frequency dynamics . These modeling approaches take into account the frequency regulation characteristics of thermal generators and the frequency support from renewable energy plants, ensuring the secure operation of power systems with high renewable energy penetration .
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