What is the grow mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles?4 answersThe growth mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles involves various pathways and factors. One significant pathway is the formation of iron hydroxide Fe(OH)2 followed by its dehydration into lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), ultimately leading to magnetite formation. Another approach involves the addition of poly(arginine) to stabilize an amorphous ferrihydrite precursor, shifting the pathway to kinetic control and allowing for size and morphology control of magnetite nanoparticles. Additionally, the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from organometallic precursors involves the formation of Fe-O-Fe bridges and radicals, leading to the growth of nanoparticles with different stoichiometries like wustite, magnetite, and maghemite. These diverse mechanisms highlight the complexity and versatility in controlling the growth of magnetite nanoparticles through various synthetic routes.
Iron oxide nanoparticles grow with temperature?5 answersIron oxide nanoparticles exhibit growth with temperature variations, as evidenced by various synthesis methods. Thermal precursor decomposition routes allow for controlled growth, with different solvents providing access to specific temperature ranges for monodisperse nanoparticle synthesis. Additionally, thermal oxidation of iron particles at different temperatures leads to phase transformations and the formation of elongated crystalline α-Fe2O3 nanowhiskers as the temperature increases. Altering reaction temperatures during the hydrothermal synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles results in size variations, with higher temperatures leading to larger nanoparticle sizes. Furthermore, iron-oxide nanoparticles synthesized via high-temperature arc plasma routes exhibit evolving magnetic properties and phase compositions with temperature variations. Overall, the growth of iron oxide nanoparticles is influenced by temperature changes across different synthesis methods.
What materials exhibit electromagnetic properties when heated?5 answersMaterials that exhibit electromagnetic properties when heated include thermoplastic composite materials, formation rocks such as shale, Berea sandstone, tight sandstone, and Indiana carbonate, nanomaterials like magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and metallic nanostructures, heat-resistant ceramic and glass cookware with aluminum and copper coatings, and non-magnetic conductive materials like ceramics and glass with inductive layers. These materials demonstrate varying responses to electromagnetic heating, with some showing increased temperature absorbance, changes in petrophysical properties, improved heating efficiencies, and enhanced electromagnetic induction characteristics. The diverse applications of these materials range from hyperthermia treatments in biomedicine to nanocomposite processing and safe cooking ware for induction cookers, showcasing the broad utility and versatility of materials with electromagnetic properties when subjected to heating.
How to use magnetic nanoparticles?3 answersMagnetic nanoparticles can be used in various applications such as drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging, biosensors, tissue engineering, biosynthesis, catalysis, electronic and microwave-absorbing materials, and environmental treatment. They have high surface area, size-dependent superparamagnetic properties, precision tunability, and easy surface modification, making them versatile for different purposes. The chemical coprecipitation method is commonly used for their preparation due to its simplicity, low cost, and easily-controlled operating conditions. Magnetic nanoparticles can be coated with human serum albumin or polyethylene glycol to enhance biocompatibility and minimize potential toxicity when used in vivo. They can interact with lipid membranes, potentially leading to the appearance of conducting pores and increasing the integral conductivity of the membranes. In environmental science and engineering, magnetic nanoparticles have been used for the purification of whey, removal of heavy toxic metals, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water.
How does the distribution of nanoparticles affect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids?4 answersThe distribution of nanoparticles in nanofluids has a significant impact on their thermal conductivity. The addition of nanoparticles, such as gold, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, SiO2, and Cu, to base liquids leads to an enhancement in thermal conductivity. The concentration or volume fraction of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in determining the increase in thermal conductivity. Higher volume fractions of nanoparticles result in greater improvements in thermal conductivity. Additionally, the size of nanoparticles also affects thermal conductivity, with smaller nanoparticles leading to higher thermal conductivity enhancements. The distribution of nanoparticles in the nanofluid alters the atomic arrangement and microstructure of the fluid, making it exhibit solid-like behavior, which contributes to the higher heat transfer efficiency. Overall, the distribution of nanoparticles in nanofluids significantly influences their thermal conductivity, with factors such as concentration, size, and microstructure playing important roles.
Why nanofluids are good in heat transfer?5 answersNanofluids are good in heat transfer due to their improved thermal properties compared to conventional pure fluids. They have higher thermal conductivity, which leads to higher heat transfer rates. Nanofluids also have the ability to transfer heat more efficiently, making them beneficial for various applications in industries and medicine. The addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid enhances the heat transfer performance, especially in turbulent flow conditions. The use of nanofluids can result in higher heat transfer rates and improved efficiency in heat exchangers, leading to energy savings. The thermal properties of nanofluids, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity, play a crucial role in their heat transfer performance. Overall, nanofluids offer better heat transfer properties and have the potential to be used as alternative heat transfer fluids in various applications.