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It appears that the isolated primate brain shows a range of electrophysiological activity including states characteristic of the aroused brain of an intact monkey.
This finding suggests a parieto-frontal network for numerosity in monkeys and establishes homologies between the monkey and human brain.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2001-Neuron
113 Citations
2000 show that the human brain contains a system of multimodal areas similar to those in the monkey brain.
Thus, the pineal neurons of the monkey, at least in part, are suggested to be derived from the pineal ganglion cells in the lower vertebrates and not from the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
We present single cell recordings from the intermediate layers of monkey superior colliculus that are consistent with the hypothesis that many superior colliculus neurons provide instead a motor error signal, em.
As we could not identify analogous neurons in the region of the monkey ponto-medullary junction, we conclude that horizontal on-direction VSNs do not exist in the monkey.

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Can verbal memory be improved?
5 answers
Verbal memory can be improved through various interventions. Studies have shown that direct cortical stimulation using responsive neurostimulation systems enhances verbal memory during list-learning tasks. Additionally, mindfulness practices have been linked to improved verbal learning and memory by enhancing the encoding process, as demonstrated in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task. Furthermore, weight gain in patients with Anorexia Nervosa has been associated with enhanced logical memory, indicating a potential improvement in verbal memory following specific treatments. While acute vagus nerve stimulation did not show immediate effects on verbal memory, longer and more repetitive stimulation sessions were found to enhance verbal memory performance in epilepsy patients. These findings collectively suggest that verbal memory can indeed be improved through various targeted interventions and treatments.
Can normalised gaze be used or interpreted to show level of importance of an AOI?
5 answers
Normalized gaze data can indeed be utilized to indicate the importance of Areas of Interest (AOIs). By employing feature attribution methods in eye tracking data analysis, the influence of gaze samples belonging to fixations and saccades can be quantitatively evaluated. Saccades, in particular, have been identified as significantly more important than fixations in determining the relevance of AOIs. Furthermore, the proximity of gaze samples to the saccadic peak velocity has been shown to have a notable impact on the resulting concept influence, highlighting the significance of specific gaze events in determining AOI importance. Additionally, data normalization techniques have been proven to enhance gaze estimation performance by canceling out geometric variability, thereby aiding in accurately interpreting the level of importance of AOIs.
What are the different types of memory, and what is prospective memory?
4 answers
Different types of memory include retrospective memory, which involves remembering past events, and prospective memory (PM), which is the ability to remember to perform intended actions in the future. PM is crucial for everyday functioning, especially in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PM performance can be influenced by factors like task load and task focality, with high-load conditions requiring more cognitive control and engaging different brain regions compared to low-load conditions. Studies have shown that PM can be affected by age, ability, monitoring, metamemory, recognition memory, and working memory, with recognition memory being a strong predictor of successful PM performance. In Alzheimer's disease, PM deficits can be mitigated by associating positive emotional valences with strongly linked cue-action pairs.
How is cognitive load related to memory?
4 answers
Cognitive load has a significant impact on memory performance. Studies have shown that higher cognitive load leads to lower memory selectivity, affecting the ability to remember task-relevant information. The cognitive load effect is observed in working memory tasks, where processing tasks with higher cognitive load result in lower memory performance. Additionally, cognitive load interacts with task load and task focality, influencing executive monitoring and prospective memory performance. Furthermore, cognitive load moderates the effect of total sleep deprivation on working memory, with higher loads exacerbating the impairment caused by sleep deprivation. The cognitive load effect in visual working memory is crucial under specific circumstances, suggesting that it may reflect memory representation enrichment in low cognitive load situations.
Does childhood trauma impact the prefrontal cortex?
5 answers
Childhood trauma has a significant impact on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Research indicates that childhood trauma is associated with gray matter reductions in the frontal lobe, particularly affecting regions like the medial orbitofrontal and superior frontal areas. Moreover, childhood trauma can lead to alterations in the PFC's structural features, such as increased densities and morphological complexity of perineuronal nets in the ventromedial PFC. Additionally, childhood trauma experiences are negatively correlated with the volume of H-shaped sulci in the orbitofrontal cortex, which in turn impacts cognitive function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. These findings underscore the enduring neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma on the PFC, highlighting its role in emotional regulation, cognitive function, and susceptibility to mental health disorders.
Do modern convolutional neural networks have sufficient biological fidelity to be a good model for the brain?
5 answers
Modern convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exhibit limitations in biological fidelity when modeling the brain. While CNNs excel in image recognition tasks, they often lack key biological features such as recurrent connections, temporal dynamics, and the ability to handle blurry or low-resolution inputs effectively. Studies suggest that CNNs trained solely on clear images may overly rely on high-spatial frequency content, deviating from the human visual system. Alternative approaches like introducing lateral connectivity and Hebbian plasticity in locally connected networks have shown promise in bridging the performance gap with convolutional networks. Incorporating biological principles, such as V1-inspired orientation selection receptive fields, can enhance CNN robustness against adversarial attacks. Overall, while CNNs are valuable tools, their biological fidelity as models for the brain remains a subject of ongoing exploration and refinement.
What is the value of early detection of early cognitive decline?
5 answers
Early detection of cognitive decline is crucial as it allows for timely intervention and treatment, potentially slowing down the progression of conditions like Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). Detecting cognitive decline early can aid in identifying suitable participants for clinical trials and interventions, leading to a better understanding of cognitive impairments and effective treatments. Implementing scalable, non-invasive, and cost-effective strategies for early detection can have significant individual and societal benefits. Studies have shown that assessing visuospatial processing through gaze exploration during visual tasks can help detect cognitive decline at its earliest stages with high sensitivity and specificity. Detecting transitional cognitive decline before the stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) can provide a better window for effective interventions in at-risk individuals. Overall, early detection of cognitive decline offers the opportunity for timely support, intervention, and potentially improved outcomes for individuals at risk of cognitive impairments.
What is the relationship between mentalizing and empathy?
5 answers
Mentalizing and empathy are interconnected processes that play crucial roles in social understanding. Research indicates that mentalizing involves correctly inferring the inner mental states of others, while empathy involves understanding and sharing the emotions of others. Studies suggest that mentalizing and empathy share neural networks, with cognitive mentalizing engaging regions like the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate, while empathy mainly involves areas like the fronto-insular cortex. Furthermore, evidence shows that mentalizing abilities contribute to the maintenance of psychopathology in conditions like Eating Disorders (EDs) and are directly linked to empathic abilities. Additionally, interventions that foster mentalizing, such as empathic conjectures, have been shown to enhance mentalizing abilities in individuals. Overall, mentalizing and empathy are intertwined processes that are essential for social cognition and prosocial behavior.
What is the evolutionary significance of dogs' reactions to long faces in humans?
5 answers
Dogs' reactions to long faces in humans hold evolutionary significance as they demonstrate the ability of dogs to process emotional cues conveyed by human faces, particularly focusing on the temporal cortex for face perception. This sensitivity to human faces is part of dogs' social cognition, allowing them to recognize their owners and interpret emotional states using visual cues. Furthermore, dogs display a conspecific-preference in visuo-social processing, showing a higher sensitivity to human faces compared to other objects, indicating an evolutionary adaptation for emotion perception. The attention dogs pay to human faces, especially those of mesocephalic breeds, suggests a complex interaction between factors like breed function, skull length, and sex in predicting face-directed attention, highlighting the intricate nature of dogs' responses to human facial cues.
Is there an interest in studying the rest periods between two stimulations during a brain imagery experiment?
5 answers
Studying rest periods between stimulations in brain imagery experiments is of interest. Different rest conditions, such as eyes open in dim light, eyes closed, watching a movie, or focusing on scanner background noise, can impact functional connectivity and alter brain activity patterns. The default mode network (DMN) is particularly affected by rest instructions and scanner noise levels, which can influence connectivity within specific brain regions. Additionally, the choice of rest conditions can lead to changes in global connectivity and affect the study of functional networks. Understanding how rest periods and external stimulation influence brain activity during imaging experiments is crucial for interpreting results accurately and selecting appropriate conditions for studying specific brain networks.
What are the potential mechanisms by which lutein protects the brain from age-related decline?
5 answers
Lutein, a carotenoid, exhibits neuroprotective effects against age-related cognitive decline through various mechanisms. It enhances cognitive performance, promotes brain health by positively impacting brain activities, connectivity, and structure, and attenuates glutamate-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron dysregulation in neurons. Lutein also influences synaptic function, mitochondrial health, and insulin signaling in the brain, thereby ameliorating cognitive impairments and brain aging. Furthermore, lutein's association with higher serum levels correlates with better crystallized intelligence, mediated by gray matter thickness in the parahippocampal cortex, highlighting its role in maintaining cognitive function in older adults. These findings collectively suggest that lutein's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties contribute to its ability to protect the brain from age-related decline.