How water soluble substance can be encapsulated more in liposome?4 answersTo encapsulate water-soluble substances more efficiently in liposomes, various methods have been developed. One approach involves utilizing a preparation method that includes dissolving lipoid membrane materials into an organic solvent, adding the substance, and then performing rotary evaporation and freeze drying to obtain membrane-formed glass micro-spheres. Another method utilizes an ethanol injection technique to encapsulate water-soluble vitamins within liposomes, providing properties like targeting, slow-release, and improved stability of the substance. Additionally, a method utilizing the reverse evaporating process of supercritical fluid allows for high encapsulation rates and good encapsulating effects of water-soluble substances in liposomes. Furthermore, for drugs with low water solubility, remote loading techniques can be employed by mixing the drug with liposomes in aqueous suspension, resulting in high drug-to-lipid ratios and predictable drug retention when administered.
What are the research gaps in sustainable CONCRETE?5 answersResearch gaps in sustainable concrete include the need for comprehensive assessment tools to measure environmental impacts of 3D concrete printing (3DCP). Additionally, there is a gap in understanding the ideal dosage of silica fume (SF) in self-compacting concrete (SCC) to balance flowability, strength, and durability. For sustainable pavements, gaps exist in developing Indian standard codes for energy-harvesting pavements and further research on key elements like rice husk ash and recycled aggregates. In the realm of corrosion management, there is a need for more evaluation of technical properties of green inhibitors and their effectiveness under corrosive conditions. Lastly, research gaps in sustainable concrete with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) include limited attention to mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and the influence of aggregate type on parameters like Poisson ratio.
How does chitosan affect sustained released drug delivery?4 answersChitosan has been extensively used in the design of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems for sustained release of drugs. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with high mucoadhesive characteristics, which allows it to prolong the residence period of dosage forms at the absorption sites or site of action. However, the inadequate aqueous solubility of chitosan at basic and neutral pHs limits its use as a biopolymer in mucoadhesive systems. To overcome this limitation, various chemical modifications of chitosan have been investigated and successfully employed, such as thiolated chitosan, trimethyl chitosan, and hydrophobically modified chitosans. These modifications enhance the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and improve its suitability for sustained drug release. Chitosan hydrogels, which are composed of chitosan embedded with colloids, have also been used as drug delivery devices to delay the release of drugs. These complex systems provide a second barrier to the diffusion of drugs and allow for better control of drug release.
Is mangiferin water-soluble?4 answersMangiferin is a poorly water-soluble compound that has been the subject of various studies aiming to enhance its solubility. One study used transglucosylation with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase to convert mangiferin into a more water-soluble form called glucosyl-α-(1→4)-mangiferin (MGF-g1). Another study developed phospholipid-based microemulsion systems to improve the aqueous solubility of mangiferin, resulting in nanocarriers with a globule size of less than 150 nm. Additionally, a dry amorphisation technique using ball milling with mesoporous silica was employed to enhance the solubility of mangiferin, resulting in amorphous samples with increased solubility. These studies demonstrate different approaches to improve the water solubility of mangiferin, indicating that it is indeed a compound with poor water solubility.
How might polysaccharide coating offer sustained release?5 answersPolysaccharide coatings can offer sustained release by encapsulating a target solute within a porous network of the polysaccharide gel. The polysaccharide can be crosslinked to enhance its stability and control the release rate. The sustained release properties are achieved by grafting the target solute onto the polysaccharide through covalent binding. This covalent linkage ensures that the target solute remains attached to the polysaccharide and is released gradually over time. The polysaccharide gel composition with sustained release properties can be used in pharmaceutical compositions for treating diseases or conditions. The gel composition can be prepared by forming a complex precipitate of a network of charged crosslinked polymers and an oppositely charged peptide, such as a polyanionic polysaccharide and a cationic oligo- and/or polypeptide. The polymeric particles in the gel composition can have a polymeric core-shell structure, with the functional component contained in the polymeric core. The polymeric shell of the particles has a low glass transition temperature (Tg) to ensure the sustained release of the functional component.
How to synthesis a coating sustained release?4 answersA coating sustained release can be synthesized using various methods. One method involves preparing a macromolecular coating agent containing a hydrophilic group by dispersing a polymer containing unsaturated bonds into a solvent, adding a hydrophilic monomer containing double bonds, and performing a reaction to obtain the coating agent. Another method involves preparing a sustained-release coating by using active nanoparticles with polydopamine shells, which are obtained by in-situ polymerization of dopamine on the surfaces of the functional nanoparticles. A double-layer heterogeneous structure can also be used, where a bottom-layer drug-loaded coating is constructed on a substrate, followed by the formation of a porous coating on top and loading water-soluble functional molecules through immersion adsorption. Additionally, a coating sustained-release material can be prepared by blending polyethylene glycol, a vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion, active silica, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, glycerol or ethylene glycol, and aluminum phosphate. Another method involves dissolving a hydrolysate with sodium carboxymethylcellulose and styrene-vinyl acetate-vinyl silane terpolymer in water, adding gelatin, and adjusting the pH value to obtain a sustained-release coating material with organic silicon.