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By modeling the charge-coupled device sensor noise, we improve the method accuracy.
Noise measurements are most likely to prove informative when charge transfer is catalysed by a minor component of the interface.
The noise analysis of the receiver’s charge amplifier circuit indicated that this system could be improved by the optimization of bandwidth and by eliminating external noise.
It appears to be feasible to extract the charge in the shot noise events, and their frequency, providing all of the anodic or cathodic current, is associated with these events.
This method allows to circumvent the effects of incomplete charge collection and to obtain energy resolution approaching the limitation due to detector and electronic noise.
Electric noise measurements can give useful information on the conduction mechanisms and the dynamic behaviors of the charge carriers in new materials.
The trend and magnitude of charge transfer, coating and noise resistances plus the amplitude of the current noise fluctuation indicated superiority of the modified pigment.

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When did the term "arc synthesis" begin?
4 answers
The term "arc synthesis" refers to a method used in various scientific and technological fields, notably in materials science, metallurgy, and nanotechnology, for synthesizing new materials through the application of an electric arc. The origins of arc synthesis can be indirectly traced back to the development of arc plasma physics, which has its roots in the 18th century, as the understanding and application of electricity evolved over time. This foundational knowledge paved the way for the utilization of arc discharges in material synthesis processes. In the realm of nanotechnology, arc synthesis has been employed for the production of single-wall carbon nanotubes, utilizing a cathode and anode discharge under inert gas pressure, indicating a sophisticated application of arc technology for creating materials at the nanometer scale. Similarly, the method has been adapted for synthesizing silicon carbide and silicon nanostructures, demonstrating the versatility of arc synthesis in producing a variety of materials. The technique has also been refined in materials physics and metallurgy for synthesizing new materials from high purity constituents, with advancements such as non-contact ignition systems to maintain material purity. Furthermore, the synthesis conditions under arc discharge have been studied for their effects on the formation of materials like fullerenes, revealing insights into the quasiperiodic space-time structure of the arc. Arc synthesis in nitrogen atmospheres with specific catalysts for the production of carbon nanotubes further exemplifies the method's adaptability and the ongoing research to optimize conditions for material synthesis. Beyond materials science, the concept of "arc" finds application in other domains, such as satellite system synthesis, although in a different context. In summary, while the specific term "arc synthesis" might not have a singular point of origin, its development is closely tied to the broader evolution of arc plasma physics and its applications in material science, which have been expanding since the 18th century. The continuous advancements and applications across various fields, from nanotechnology to metallurgy, underscore the term's broad relevance and the ongoing innovation in arc-based synthesis techniques.
How a pump that emits oxygen can help in hydroponic AB fertilizers?
5 answers
An oxygen pump in hydroponics can enhance plant growth by increasing dissolved oxygen levels in the nutrient solution, benefiting root oxygenation and overall plant health. Oxygen pumps can control oxygen partial pressure, facilitating the generation of hydrogen from water vapor, which can further impact plant growth. Additionally, oxygen pumps can significantly influence plant height and root length in hydroponic systems, showcasing the importance of oxygen in the growing media for plant development. Furthermore, the development of microtubular solid oxide oxygen pumps has shown promising results in terms of oxygen productivity and energy consumption, indicating their potential application in enhancing nutrient solutions for hydroponic systems. Overall, oxygen-emitting pumps play a crucial role in optimizing oxygen levels in hydroponic systems, thereby promoting better nutrient uptake and improved plant growth.
How a pump that emits oxygen can help in hydroponic AB fertilizers for salad growing?
5 answers
The use of an oxygen pump in hydroponic systems can enhance the effectiveness of AB-mix fertilizers for salad cultivation. Oxygen pumps, like those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can help mitigate issues related to microbial populations and biofilm development in organic hydroponics, thereby improving dissolved oxygen availability to plant roots. By incorporating oxygen pumps, such as those based on yttria-stabilized zirconia, the oxygen partial pressure can be controlled, positively impacting plant growth and yield. Additionally, the application of AB-mix fertilizers in hydroponic systems has been shown to increase the number of leaves and affect various plant parameters like height, width, and chlorophyll content, contributing to improved salad growth. Therefore, integrating oxygen-emitting pumps in hydroponic setups alongside AB-mix fertilizers can optimize salad production by enhancing nutrient uptake and overall plant health.
How circulation using pump effect wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation especially using dye?
5 answers
The use of circulation with a pump in electrocoagulation (EC) for wastewater treatment, particularly in dye removal, has shown significant effectiveness. Research has highlighted that recirculation in EC systems enhances pollutant removal efficiency. By employing a batch recirculation EC technology, studies have demonstrated that optimal operational parameters, such as current intensity, inter-electrode spacing, and treatment duration, contribute to high color and COD removal efficiencies. Additionally, the use of a rotating anode in EC processes has proven successful in achieving substantial removal efficiencies of contaminants, including color and COD, with minimal energy consumption. The combination of recirculation and optimized operational parameters in EC systems presents a promising solution for efficient dye removal in wastewater treatment processes.
How are portable ecg made and what type of electrode is used?
4 answers
Portable ECG devices are made using various types of electrodes such as dry electrodes and capacitive electrodes. Dry electrodes are flexible and can be used for long-term monitoring, offering an alternative to traditional gel electrodes. Capacitive electrodes, on the other hand, are utilized in portable ECG designs for heart rate monitoring, where electrodes are placed on a plastic sheet under the patient's back and processed through signal-conditioning circuits before being displayed on an LCD screen. These electrodes provide comfort, reusability, and accurate heart rate measurements, making them suitable for wearable ECG applications. The development of portable ECG devices with different electrode types aims to enhance convenience, accuracy, and long-term monitoring capabilities for users concerned about their cardiovascular health.
Why high potential arenot using in chronoamperometry on SPCE?
5 answers
High potentials are not commonly used in chronoamperometry on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes (SPCE) due to the potential risk of damaging the electrode surface. This limitation arises from the fact that high potentials can lead to inaccurate measurements by altering the electrode's properties or causing undesirable reactions that interfere with the electrochemical processes being studied. Additionally, the use of high potentials can result in the formation of non-specific films on the electrode surface, affecting the reliability and reproducibility of the chronoamperometric measurements. Therefore, to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the data obtained from chronoamperometry experiments on SPCE, it is advisable to avoid high potentials that could compromise the electrode's performance and the validity of the results.
How does the porous size of the membrane of strip biosensors change the flow rate?
5 answers
The size of the porous membrane in strip biosensors significantly impacts the flow rate of fluids through the membrane. Increasing the pore size by stretching the membrane reduces the resistive pulse signal magnitude while increasing particle velocity through the pore, due to the reduced excluded particle volume and increased fluid velocity. Additionally, modifications to porous substrates in lateral flow assay devices can regulate the flow rate and flow path pattern of fluids through the substrate, utilizing features like density gradients, porosity gradients, and micro-channels. Moreover, the presence of selective membranes in biosensors can influence the biosensor response by enhancing specificity and affecting the geometry of membrane perforation, ultimately impacting the flow rate of analytes through the membrane.
What is a stimulus?
5 answers
A stimulus can be defined as an event or object that initiates sensory or motor activity, with its understanding evolving over time. In the realm of behavior analysis, stimuli are crucial units for examining behavior, where they are differentiated from stimulus objects and stimulus functions. Stimulus functions, rather than stimuli themselves, are of interest in psychology as they represent responses to changes in stimulus objects. Various methods have been developed to apply stimuli, such as through electrical devices with electrodes and optical sensors for muscle stimulation. Additionally, stimulus-responsive compounds have been designed with specific molecular structures to elicit responses, incorporating polysiloxane chains, cross-linking moieties, and liquid crystal moieties. Overall, stimuli play a fundamental role in triggering responses and reactions in both biological and psychological contexts.
What is thermal Plasma astronomy?
5 answers
Thermal plasma astronomy involves the study of astrophysical plasmas where the thermal force (TF) plays a crucial role. Thermal plasmas, characterized by high temperatures and equal species temperatures, are extensively used in industrial applications like cutting, welding, and waste treatment. These plasmas are also utilized for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles, contributing to advancements in materials development capabilities. In space, thermal noise in plasmas, caused by electrostatic fluctuations from particle motion, is essential for accurate in situ plasma measurements and can impact radio signal detection. Additionally, thermal plasma technology is employed in creating metal nanoparticles for removing impure gases in devices like flat panel displays. Overall, thermal plasma astronomy encompasses a broad range of applications from industrial processes to space plasma physics and materials synthesis.
What is harmonics to noise ratio in smokers?
5 answers
The harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) is a crucial parameter for evaluating voice quality, especially in distinguishing between normal and pathological voices. It quantifies the relationship between harmonic components and noise in a spectrogram. Research has shown that the HNR is significantly higher in males compared to females, with notable changes occurring during the transition from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal stages in males around the age of 14-15 years. Additionally, studies have linked the HNR to voice disorders, indicating that teachers with longer working ages exhibit more distorted voices, while those with around 10 years of experience demonstrate better voice quality with a higher HNR. Therefore, the HNR serves as a valuable tool in assessing voice quality and potential pathologies, making it essential in various clinical and occupational settings.
What is the disadvantages of platinum nanodendrites in electrochemical heavy metal sensor?
4 answers
Platinum nanodendrites used in electrochemical heavy metal sensors exhibit excellent catalytic activity and sensitivity for metal ion detection. However, a potential disadvantage lies in their susceptibility to interference from dissolved oxygen, which can hinder accurate measurements in electrochemical immunoassays. This interference arises due to the reduction potential of oxygen overlapping with the working potential of the nanodendrites, leading to false signals and reduced detection accuracy. While the nanodendrites show high stability, reusability, and repeatability in heavy metal ion detection, their vulnerability to oxygen interference may limit their applicability in environments where oxygen levels are fluctuating or high, necessitating careful consideration and optimization of operating conditions for accurate heavy metal ion detection.