How many methods are use for the Synthesis of Chitosan polymer?5 answersThe synthesis of Chitosan polymer can be achieved through various methods. Green synthesis approaches have gained attention due to their economic and environmentally friendly nature. Chemical oxidative polymerization methods have been successfully utilized to synthesize Chitosan-graft-polyaniline copolymers, demonstrating high grafting percentages and electrical conductivity. Another method involves modifying Chitosan with vinyl monomers like acrylic acid to create graft copolymers, which can then be further functionalized for controlled drug delivery applications. Additionally, Chitosan-citrate particles have been synthesized using the ionic gelation method, showcasing unique surface morphology and good resistance to swelling in various media. Overall, these diverse methods highlight the versatility and potential applications of Chitosan polymer synthesis in various fields.
Why is acid used as removal solution of template for electropolymerization?5 answersAcid is used as a removal solution for template in electropolymerization because it helps in the efficient removal of the template molecules from the polymer network. The removal of the template is a critical step in the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as it ensures the availability of imprinted cavities for rebinding and prevents template bleeding during analytical applications. Acidic solutions are effective in breaking the interactions between the template and the polymer network, facilitating the release of the template molecules. Additionally, acid treatment can be less damaging to the imprinted cavities compared to other extraction techniques, minimizing the risk of collapsing or damaging the cavities. The use of acid as a removal solution in electropolymerization offers a cost-effective and efficient approach for template removal in MIP development.
How to make polymeric membrane?5 answersPolymeric membranes can be made using various methods. One method involves fabricating freestanding, flexible, and open through-hole membranes by removing solvent from sacrificial scaffolds filled with polymer resin through capillary flow. Another method involves dissolving an amphiphilic block copolymer in a solvent to form a casting solution, which is then contacted with a non-solvent to induce phase separation and produce an integral asymmetric polymeric membrane. A different approach involves preparing a polymeric membrane using a combination of perfluorosulfonic acid resin, urea resin, chitosan, microcrystalline cellulose, graphene nanoplatelets, nano silicon carbide, cordierite powder, nano ceramic powder, chlorinated paraffin, stearic acid, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate, and zinc ethoxide. Another method involves using a copolymer solution containing polyester diol, anhydride, and a crosslinking agent, which is applied to a porous support structure. Additionally, there is a production equipment for making polymeric membranes that includes a material tank for mixing chemical substances and a coating device for applying the mixture.
What is the experimental procedure for photo polymerization PNIPAM in water?5 answersPhotopolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) in water was carried out using 2-(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl)isobutyric acid sodium salt (DTCA-Na) as a water-soluble initiator under UV irradiation. The first-order time-conversion plots showed a slow decrease in the active radical concentration, indicating a controlled radical mechanism. The number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the obtained PNIPAM increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion, with a relatively narrow polydispersity until around 60% conversion. Additionally, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) could be polymerized in a living fashion using PNIPAM as a macroinitiator, as PNIPAM exhibited dithiocarbamate (DC) groups at terminal ends. The experimental procedure involved initiating the photopolymerization of PNIPAM in water using DTCA-Na as the initiator under UV irradiation, resulting in controlled radical polymerization and the formation of PNIPAM with a relatively narrow polydispersity.
What is the effect of polyaniline on the inc oxide based photoelectrode via chemical in situ oxidative polymerization technique?5 answersPolyaniline (PANI) has been studied for its effect on various oxide-based photoelectrodes. PANI can be synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The addition of PANI to tungsten oxide (WO3) composites has shown an increase in electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. PANI/MnO2 composites have also been prepared using in situ oxidative polymerization, resulting in improved thermal stability and suitable proportions for electrode materials. Furthermore, PANI-MnO2 composites have shown potential for application in supercapacitors, with specific capacitance values as high as 242 F/g and stability up to 1000 cycles. These studies demonstrate that PANI can enhance the properties of oxide-based photoelectrodes and make them suitable for various applications, including energy storage systems and supercapacitors.
How to prepare geopolymer concrete?5 answersGeopolymer concrete (GPC) can be prepared by using industrial waste materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and metakaolin as binders instead of conventional cement. The process involves mixing these materials with alkaline solutions like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to initiate a polymerization reaction. The mixture is then cast into specimens and cured for a specific period of time. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and other properties of GPC are evaluated through various tests such as compressive strength test, flexural strength test, and split tensile strength test. The use of GGBS as a binder in GPC has shown to increase the rate of strength gain, while the molarity of the alkaline solution affects the mechanical strength and workability of the concrete. GPC has been found to be a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete, with comparable compressive strength and resistance to chemical ingress and water penetration.