scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Answers from top 7 papers

More filters
Papers (7)Insight
Therefore, the use of Cell 2 decreases the energy cost by 2.1–6.65 times when compared to Cell 1 in the case of the BH and BS effluent treatment, respectively.
Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2011
13 Citations
Pretreatment may reduce energy requirement, avoid micronization of cell debris, and influence cell deactivation.
The mechanisms that manage the mode how energy is extracted from the cell can be improved based on the experimental information obtained from the proposed setup.
Most of the mentioned technologies can be used for both cell enrichment and precise single cell capture.
The energy efficiency of these ultra-dense small cell deployments is also analysed, indicating the benefits of energy harvesting approaches to make these deployments more energy-efficient.
Energy production in the various cell compartments and energy consumption in endergonic processes have to be well adjusted to the varying conditions.
This result can be used to understand how much energy is processed in the converters.

Related Questions

How to make efficient cell for PEFC.?4 answersTo enhance the efficiency of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), structured electrodes with optimized catalyst distribution and reduced tortuosity are crucial. Additionally, reducing Pt loading in the catalyst layer while maintaining performance is essential for cost-effectiveness. Fabricating thin catalyst layers using methods like electrospray can improve proton transport and increase Pt utilization. Moreover, integrating high-activity catalysts like IrRuOx on liquid/gas diffusion layers can significantly enhance PEMEC performance, achieving low cell voltages and high efficiency at various current densities. Furthermore, utilizing bilayer electrolytes in Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs) can minimize leakage current, leading to increased system efficiency when using fuels like hydrogen or methane. By implementing these strategies, the development of efficient cells for PEFCs can be advanced, addressing challenges related to catalyst utilization, proton transport, and overall system performance.
Why are CHO cells used on the production process of trodelvy?4 answersCHO cells are utilized in the production process of Trodelvy due to their significance in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. These cells are known for their ability to stably express high titers of therapeutic proteins and antibodies in chemically defined media, making them ideal for large-scale production. Additionally, CHO cells play a crucial role in the production of monoclonal antibodies, as demonstrated by studies showing high similarity in the kinetics of cell growth and quality of expressed antibodies in laboratory and pilot bioreactors. Furthermore, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of CHO cells contain mRNA and miRNA associated with cell growth, survival, and key signaling pathways, highlighting their potential role in optimizing biologics manufacturing processes. CHO cells are essential for Trodelvy production, offering a reliable and efficient platform for biomanufacturing innovation.
What is the cost of direct air capture?10 answersThe cost of Direct Air Capture (DAC) of CO2 varies significantly across different technologies and methodologies, reflecting the diversity in approaches and the stages of development. For instance, the use of alkaline industrial residues like coal fly ash in mineralizing gaseous CO2 into solid carbonates proposes a levelized cost of $116–133 per ton of CO2 sequestered, highlighting a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial approach. In contrast, Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BPMED), a technology that could fully electrify DAC processes, estimates costs below $250 per ton of CO2 under optimistic scenarios of membrane cost and performance improvements. Further analysis in the Maghreb region, utilizing low-cost renewable energy for DAC, projects the levelized cost of CO2 at about 55 €/tCO2 by 2050, with potential for further reductions. However, an assessment of a chemical-based DAC system suggests higher costs, with optimized systems potentially reaching avoided costs ranging from $518 to $568 per ton of CO2. This is in line with earlier critiques suggesting that DAC might require more than 400 kJ of work per mole of CO2, potentially leading to costs on the order of $1,000 per tonne of CO2. Techno-economic assessments of DAC integrated with renewable energy in West Texas indicate that the levelized cost and the cumulative cost of sequestering a ton of CO2 can be significantly reduced, especially when leveraging policy support such as the 45Q tax credits. Adsorption-based air capture technologies, using amino-modified silica adsorbents, also present a variable cost framework, with net operating costs depending on the total energy requirement and the process's efficiency. The scale-up of DACCS (Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage) is considered crucial for achieving stringent climate targets, with its deployment potentially reducing mitigation costs significantly, although the actual cost depends on the scale-up rate and energy inputs required. Lastly, a NaOH spray-based contactor for air capture estimates the cost of CO2 capture at $96 per ton in the base case, with a range of $53 to $127 per ton under different operating parameters and assumptions. In summary, the cost of DAC technologies is highly variable, ranging from as low as $53 to over $1,000 per ton of CO2, depending on the technology, energy sources, and operational efficiencies involved.
How does telomere capture works ?5 answersTelomere capture is a mechanism that stabilizes broken chromosomes by capturing the ends of other chromosomes. This process has been observed in various genomic rearrangements. Telomere capture involves the fusion of broken chromosome ends with telomeric repeats from other chromosomes, resulting in the formation of dicentric chromosomes. Telomere capture has been observed in cases of interstitial inverted duplications with associated terminal deletions, where telomere capture is frequently used to stabilize the broken chromosome ends. Telomere capture can also occur through a series of events involving a 1pter deletion followed by multiple telomere captures, resulting in additive increases in homozygosity towards the telomere. The frequency and diversity of partner chromosomes involved in subtelomeric translocations suggest that telomere capture can stabilize chromosome breakage in humans.
How direct air capture unit is made?5 answersA direct air capture (DAC) unit is made by using different approaches and materials. One approach involves using a vacuum chamber with an adsorber structure housed inside. The chamber has a circumferential wall structure that is closed by inlet and outlet axial walls, allowing gas to circulate through the chamber when open and closing the interior space when closed. Another approach involves using a device with a membrane that is permeable to air and contains a solid state CO2 sorbent. The device has sorption and regeneration chambers, and air flows through the membrane from an inlet to an outlet in the sorption chamber. Stripping gas is flowed through the membrane into the regeneration chamber, and CO2 is discharged from an outlet in the regeneration chamber. These approaches provide efficient and low-cost solutions for capturing CO2 directly from air.
Is the best process to capture solar energy and convert it into biomass?6 answers