How load act in biomechanics?4 answersLoad acts in biomechanics by influencing the motion patterns and stresses on the body during various activities. Understanding the impact of load on biomechanics is crucial for improving performance and preventing injuries. Previous studies have shown that knowledge about the weight and fragility of the load can affect lifting biomechanics, leading to more cautious and less dynamic motion patterns. In bone and cartilage tissue engineering, the biomechanical impact of skeletal tissue is complex and dynamic, involving physical and biological parameters that influence tissue regeneration and remodeling. In the ankle joint complex, both passive and active loading conditions play a major role in the kinematic response, affecting the ankle instantaneous axis of rotation and the overall kinematics of the foot and ankle. Load carriage, particularly in military settings, has been found to affect lower extremity joint stresses, leading to motion-related differences and increased ground reaction forces. Overall, load in biomechanics influences motion patterns, joint stresses, and tissue regeneration, highlighting the importance of understanding its impact for performance and injury prevention.
What are the effects of deformation in metals?4 answersDeformation in metals has various effects. It increases the correlation energy, which is influenced by the electron density parameter and the degree of deformation. Deformation also decreases the binding energy of metals, while the cohesive energy remains relatively unchanged. The electrical conductivity of metals decreases as deformation increases, with noble and transition metals being more affected than alkaline metals. Deformation can also affect the microstructure of alloys, accelerating the aging process and increasing the diameter of formed phases. High-pressure torsion is a method that can induce severe plastic deformation in metals, leading to the formation of submicro- and nanocrystalline states and significant work hardening.
Is Wood’s mechanical behaviour is influenced by factors such as species, growth conditions, and processing methods?5 answersWood's mechanical behavior is influenced by factors such as species, growth conditions, and processing methods. The mechanical behavior of wood can be affected by the presence of pests like the cerambycid insect Xylotrechus arvicola, which causes structural and biomechanical failure in grapevine wood. Thermo-hydric variations, creep, and moisture content can also impact the mechanical behavior of wood, making it a viscoelastic material. The spatial variation of wood properties in Eucalyptus plantations can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Chemical modification, such as acetylation, can improve the dimensional stability and durability of wood, making it more suitable for outdoor use. Climatic variations, wood defects, and creep loading can also affect the behavior of notched beams made from different wood species.
What is the effect of loading on soil samples?3 answersThe effect of loading on soil samples varies depending on the specific conditions and characteristics of the soil. In the study by Frid et al., it was found that increasing stress levels caused an increase in p-wave velocity, indicating a non-linear response to sand unloading. Dabdab's research on clay soils showed that cyclic loading can lead to strength reduction and softening of the soil, with the extent of reduction depending on factors such as cyclic stress amplitude and confining pressure. Nini's study on clayey soils found that vertical confinement caused by surcharge rings had a positive effect on the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value, with the CBR increasing as the number of rings increased. Chen et al. investigated the loading efficiency of contaminated soil samples and found that factors such as volatile temperature, dipping solvent, soil style, and initial pollutant concentration influenced the loading efficiency. AL-Rahal et al. examined the effect of static load and rainfall on slope stability and found that both factors negatively affected the slope bearing capacity.
How does loading affect soil volume?5 answersLoading has a significant effect on soil volume. When subjected to external loading, soil undergoes changes in its material properties, resulting in deformation. The loading rate of applied or net mean stress also affects the void ratio and degree of saturation of residual soils, while having an insignificant effect on water content. Pile driving-induced settlements in silts are influenced by cyclic loading, which generates pore pressures and causes volume changes in the soil. The volume change behavior of unsaturated soil is influenced by stress state variables, such as net normal stress and matric suction, with differing characteristics observed during drained and constant water content loadings. The compressibility of granular soils is also affected by loading modes, with boundary axial loading resulting in more pronounced nonlinear response and settlements compared to volume loading.
What are the causes of deformations on the asphalt deck?5 answersDeformations on the asphalt deck can be caused by various factors. One of the causes is the thermally stressed state of the bridge structure, which can lead to the concentration of stresses and strains and a change in the stress-strain state of the deck. Another cause is the low crack resistance of asphalt, which can result in cracking and tearing of the coating. Additionally, the type of asphalt mixture used can affect the performance of the deck, with modified mixtures such as styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and epoxy resin (EP) showing improved fatigue life and temperature stability. Furthermore, the speed and type of loading, such as slow-moving traffic, can contribute to deformation of the asphalt surfacings. These factors should be considered in the design and maintenance of asphalt decks to prevent deformations and ensure road safety.