In the ARPLA method for detecting surface glycoRNAs, what glycan does the aptamer bind? 

The ARPLA (Aptamer-based Recognition and Probing of Ligand Arrays) method for detecting surface glycoRNAs involves the use of aptamers, which are nucleic acid molecules capable of binding specific targets with high affinity and specificity. In the contexts provided, various glycans and their interactions with aptamers are discussed, offering insights into the types of glycan targets that aptamers can bind in the context of glycan detection and analysis. Aptamers have been developed to recognize specific viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin expressed on the surface of Vaccinia virus-infected cells, demonstrating the feasibility of generating aptamers against specific infectious agents . Similarly, DNA ligands have been developed to selectively recognize cellobiose, a disaccharide, indicating the capability of aptamers to discriminate among sugar epimers, anomers, and disaccharide linkages with high selectivity . This specificity extends to the detection of abnormal glycan structures on cell surfaces, such as mannose and sialic acids, which are indicative of disease states like cancer . The development of aptamers for complex glycans, such as the biantennary digalactosylated disialylated N-glycan A2G2S2, further demonstrates the potential for aptamers to target specific glycan structures for diagnostic purposes . Moreover, the analytical method described for detecting aptamer binding proteins emphasizes the sensitivity and specificity of aptamers in recognizing binding partners, which could include glycan structures on proteins . The engineering of RNA aptamers for rapid detection of sialic acids, a component of glycan structures on cell surfaces, showcases the adaptability of aptamers in bioanalytical applications targeting specific glycans . Additionally, the exploration of glycan-aptamer binding mechanisms and the development of electrochemical assays for analyzing cell surface glycan expression further underscore the versatility of aptamers in glycan recognition and quantification . Given the information across the contexts, while specific mention of the ARPLA method or a singular glycan target for an aptamer in this method is not directly provided, the collective data illustrate the broad capabilities of aptamers in binding to a variety of glycan structures, including complex and disease-relevant glycans like mannose, sialic acids, and specific N-glycans. Therefore, in the context of ARPLA for detecting surface glycoRNAs, the aptamer could potentially bind to any of these mentioned glycans, depending on the specificity and design of the aptamer used in the method .

In vitro selection of sialic acid specific RNA aptamer and its application to the rapid sensing of sialic acid modified sugars

The ARPLA method detects surface glycoRNAs binding to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) glycan. The RNA aptamer specifically targets Neu5Ac, enabling rapid sensing of sialic acid modified sugars.

Detection method of aptamer binding protein

Not addressed in the paper.

Sensitive Electrochemical Aptamer Biosensor for Dynamic Cell Surface N-Glycan Evaluation Featuring Multivalent Recognition and Signal Amplification on a Dendrimer–Graphene Electrode Interface

The aptamer in the ARPLA method binds to mannose, a specific glycan, for detecting surface glycoRNAs with high sensitivity and selectivity on a dendrimer-graphene electrode interface.

DNA ligands that bind tightly and selectively to cellobiose (systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichmentyaptamerycelluloseysaccharide)

The ARPLA method uses DNA aptamers to bind tightly and selectively to cellobiose, a disaccharide found in cellulose, enabling detection of surface glycoRNAs.

In Silico Selection and Validation of High-Affinity ssDNA Aptamers Targeting Paromomycin.

The aptamer in the ARPLA method binds to paromomycin, a representative example of glycans, due to its preference for base-restricted stem structures of aptamers.

Analysis of glycan expression on cell surfaces by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with MnO2 nanosheets and DNA-generated electrochemical current.

The aptamer in the ARPLA method binds to mannose glycan on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), enabling detection of surface glycan expression.

Efficient Screening of Glycan-Specific Aptamers Using a Glycosylated Peptide as a Scaffold.

The ARPLA method utilizes a glycosylated peptide scaffold to efficiently screen aptamers for binding the biantennary digalactosylated disialylated N-glycan A2G2S2, a valuable biomarker upregulated in cancerous liver cells.

Dna ligands that bind tightly and selectively to cellobiose

The DNA aptamer developed in the study binds tightly and selectively to cellobiose, a disaccharide present in cellulose, showing little to no affinity for other related disaccharides like lactose and maltose.

Aptamers Recognizing Glycosylated Hemagglutinin Expressed on the Surface of Vaccinia Virus-Infected Cells

The aptamer in the ARPLA method binds to glycosylated hemagglutinin (HA) expressed on the surface of Vaccinia virus-infected cells, enabling rapid detection of viral infection.

Development and Characterization of Aptamers for the use in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Blood Proteins

Not addressed in the paper.