How to isolate DNA from trichoderma?5 answersTo isolate DNA from Trichoderma, various methods have been explored. One effective approach involves using a modified sodium dodecyl sulfate/phenol protocol, which eliminates the need for maceration in liquid nitrogen and ethanol precipitation, ensuring high-quality DNA suitable for PCR amplification. Another successful method utilizes a combination of DNeasy Plant Mini Kit and physical means, such as grinding the sample in liquid nitrogen, resulting in the highest DNA concentration and purity compared to other isolation methods. Additionally, a modified DNA extraction protocol based on the CTAB method, incorporating specific reagents like PVP and SDS, has been developed to overcome challenges like DNA degradation and contamination, providing a fast and reproducible technique for DNA isolation from Trichoderma spp.. These methods offer efficient ways to extract DNA from Trichoderma for various downstream applications.
Which character test are use to Isolation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes ?5 answersThe character tests used for the isolation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes include morphological, biochemical, cultural, and pathogenicity tests. These tests help in identifying and characterizing the isolated bacteria. Additionally, the antibiogram and protein profile of the isolates are studied using disc diffusion and SDS-PAGE methods, respectively. These studies reveal variations in the sensitivity pattern of different A. rhizogenes strains to different antibiotics and the electrophorogram of proteins. Biochemical characteristics such as exo-polysaccharide, glycogen, total protein, total free amino acids, and total lipids are also estimated from the agrobacterial isolates. These tests help in further understanding the biochemical constituents and variations among the agrobacteria of different leguminous plants.
What are the different methods used to characterize anthocyanins?5 answersAnthocyanins can be characterized using various methods. Extraction procedures, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction, are effective for extracting anthocyanins from different food sources. Purification of anthocyanins can be achieved using methods like the Amberlite XAD-7HP method. Analytical methods for quantification include liquid chromatography (LC) combined with electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass spectrometry (MS) or quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) with MS. UV-diode array, improved LC, and MS have facilitated the identification of anthocyanins. One-dimensional and two-dimensional HPLC have improved resolution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and MS2/time-of-flight are commonly used for anthocyanin identification. Non-conventional methods like ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction are being explored as environmentally friendly alternatives. However, there is a lack of consensus and standardization in the extraction and quantification methods for anthocyanins.
How can the release of anthocyanins be controlled?3 answersThe release of anthocyanins can be controlled through various techniques. One approach is to design lipid-based, polysaccharide-based, and protein-based complexes, as well as nano-encapsulation and exosome systems, to improve the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. Another method involves encapsulating anthocyanins with Gelatin/Gellan gum, which can protect the anthocyanins from degradation in the stomach and promote their release in the small intestine. Additionally, incorporating Clitoria ternatea extract into gellan gum films allows for pH-responsive release of anthocyanins, providing control over their release at different pH levels. Furthermore, the use of a double emulsion system can control the release of anthocyanins in the stomach and promote their release in the intestine. These techniques offer strategies for achieving targeted delivery and controlled release of anthocyanins, enhancing their bioavailability and efficacy.
What is the definition of an anther?5 answersAn anther is a part of a plant organ called a stamen, which is involved in the production and dispersal of pollen. It is composed of different cell types that undergo sequential redifferentiation to perform specific functions. The development of anthers is crucial for agricultural yield and plant breeding. Male-sterile mutants have been historically used to study anther biology, and many genes and genetic pathways have been identified to play a role in cell fate and differentiation events. Anthers have diverse patterns and adaptations, including temporal control points, endothecial patterns, and adaptations for animal pollination. Anther culture is widely used in rice improvement and genome research, providing a means to stabilize foreign genes and estimate copy numbers. In maize, anthers and microspores can be cultured to induce androgenesis, leading to the production of haploid embryolike structures and callus.
Isolation and identification of differentially expressed proteins and their applications4 answersIsolation and identification of differentially expressed proteins have been studied in various contexts. In the study by Zhu et al., proteins differentially expressed in ovarian endometriotic cysts, simple ovarian cysts, and normal ovarian tissues were identified using iTRAQ and validated using immunohistochemistry. Nakashima et al. used LC MS/MS to identify proteins expressed by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) from normal and immunodeficient mice, finding that major proteins associated with the therapeutic effects of AdMSCs were highly similar between the two groups. Rong et al. used SWATH-MS and IPA to analyze proteome differences in nasopharyngeal tissues between patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and healthy controls, identifying differentially expressed proteins and their potential role in NPC. Chen et al. analyzed protein expression during alfalfa flower development and identified differentially expressed proteins involved in metabolism, signal transduction, defense response, and programmed cell death, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of alfalfa flowering. Swarup et al. identified differentially expressed plasma proteins in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 12 (SCA12), which may have potential applications in therapy or diagnosis/prognosis of SCA12.