What is alumina a review?10 answersAlumina, or aluminum oxide, is a significant material with a wide range of applications across various fields due to its unique properties and characteristics. It is a compound that forms the basis of aluminates, which are found in nature and are crucial in the production of phosphors used in numerous applications such as scintillation detectors, solid-state lighting, and bioimaging. In the biomedical sector, alumina is highly valued for its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical characteristics, and inertness, making it suitable for implants such as artificial joints and dental applications. Its surface properties, particularly in relation to protein adsorption, play a critical role in its success in tissue engineering and biomedical engineering.
The production and refinement of alumina involve sophisticated processes, including the calcination of bauxite, which has seen technological advancements in stationary calciners to improve efficiency and output. Additionally, alumina's mechanical properties, such as fracture toughness and resistance to wear, can be enhanced through control over its microstructure and fabrication process, making it ideal for applications requiring high durability.
Recent research has also focused on the synthesis of activated alumina for water filtration, highlighting its potential as an inexpensive and effective material for removing impurities. Furthermore, the development of alumina-based materials, including the exploration of its polymorphic forms like dense α-alumina and amorphous-γ-alumina, aims to enhance its bioactivity for bone regeneration and other medical applications.
In the field of materials science, the interaction between aluminum and dissolved oxygen in liquid steel, leading to alumina precipitation, is a subject of study for its implications on the continuous casting process. Lastly, the commercial production of alumina in various forms, including polycrystalline ceramics and single-crystal products, is a significant industry in Russia, contributing to the global supply of this versatile material.
In summary, alumina is a multifaceted material with extensive applications in technology, medicine, and industrial processes, driven by its desirable properties and ongoing advancements in its production and application methodologies.
How the Flame characteristics of Flame temperaturein alumina combustion synthesis ?6 answersThe flame characteristics, particularly flame temperature, in alumina combustion synthesis exhibit significant variation based on the materials and conditions involved. For instance, in the synthesis of nano ceramic alumina powders, the adiabatic flame temperatures calculated theoretically showed a correlation with observed flame temperatures, indicating the influence of fuel/oxidizer ratio on the combustion process. Similarly, the combustion of micron-sized aluminum particles revealed that flame temperatures approached the aluminum boiling point for smaller particles, suggesting a closer flame proximity to the particle's surface, while larger particles exhibited flame temperatures close to the predicted adiabatic flame temperature.
The preparation of aluminum carbonitride materials through combustion reaction reached a temperature of 2256 K, demonstrating the high-temperature nature of such synthesis processes. Additionally, the solution combustion synthesis of alumina nanopowders highlighted the role of fuel choice on the exothermicity of the reaction, which in turn affected the flame temperature and the properties of the resulting powders.
Aluminized propellants showed varying flame temperatures along the plume, with temperatures reaching up to 2980 ± 80 K higher in the plume and lower temperatures closer to the burning surface. The combustion of aluminum in propellants further emphasized the role of initial temperature in influencing the reaction temperature and product content over time. Measurements in aluminized, composite-propellant flames revealed that the bath-gas temperature and the temperature of AlO varied significantly, with nano-scale aluminum particles leading to higher average temperatures.
The self-propagating combustion of Al4C3 powders under low nitrogen pressure to synthesize AlN hexagonal crystals resulted in combustion temperatures of about 2373–2473 K. Lastly, the synthesis of alumina films via combustion chemical vapour deposition demonstrated that the deposition temperature could influence the phase, grain size, and roughness of the films. These findings collectively underscore the complexity and variability of flame characteristics in alumina combustion synthesis, influenced by factors such as material composition, particle size, fuel/oxidizer ratio, and synthesis conditions.
How the Flame characteristics of Heat transfer effect in alumina combustion synthesis ?6 answersThe flame characteristics and heat transfer effects in alumina combustion synthesis significantly influence the properties of the synthesized alumina nanopowders and their combustion behavior. The combustion synthesis process, utilizing aluminum nitrate as an oxidizer and various fuels, demonstrates that the exothermicity of the reaction affects the properties of the resulting alumina nanopowders. Lower exothermicity leads to smaller crystallite sizes, finer agglomerates, and higher specific surface areas. The combustion of aluminum nanoparticles (nano-Al) in a non-premixed flat flame burner reveals that well-dispersed nano-Al produces a red and mild flame, with the flame temperature being several hundred degrees higher than the ambient. This indicates that the dispersion and feeding mechanism of nanoparticles play a crucial role in the combustion characteristics.
Moreover, the combustion of nano-aluminum at high pressures shows peak temperatures above 3000 K, suggesting non-continuum heat transfer effects and the significance of radiation in particle heat transfer. The synthesis of aluminum titanate via combustion synthesis highlights the endothermic nature of the reaction and the importance of reaction temperature on the properties of the synthesized powders. The study of micron-sized aluminum particles' combustion characteristics underlines the influence of particle size on flame temperature and the presence of vapor phase reactions, which are crucial for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms during combustion.
Parameters affecting the low-temperature combustion synthesis of alumina particles, such as combustion fuel, atmosphere, and reactant density, have been shown to influence the particle size of the synthesized alumina, indicating the role of heat transfer and combustion temperature in determining the final product characteristics. The burning time of aluminum particles and the effect of oxidizers on combustion efficiency further elucidate the complex interplay between heat transfer and combustion dynamics. The effect of urea content in the combustion reaction of alumina powders demonstrates how fuel reduction can lower the reaction temperature and alter the characteristics of the powders, including particle size reduction. Lastly, the solution combustion synthesis of nano ceramic alumina powders with varying fuel to oxidizer ratios shows that the combustion temperature and the amount of gases produced during the reaction are critical for understanding the nature of combustion and its correlation with the characteristics of the synthesized powder.
How the Flame characterize of Heat transfer effect in alumina combustion synthesis ?4 answersThe characterization of heat transfer effects in alumina combustion synthesis reveals a complex interplay of factors influencing the combustion process and the properties of the resulting alumina. The combustion of nano-aluminum, for instance, demonstrates significant deviations from continuum mechanics, with experiments showing temperature overshoots above 3000 K, suggesting non-continuum heat transfer effects and the importance of radiation in particle heat transfer. Similarly, micron-sized aluminum particles exhibit a transition regime where flame temperatures approach the aluminum boiling point for smaller particles, indicating a shift towards diffusion-controlled mechanisms for larger particles.
The combustion of well-dispersed aluminum nanoparticles in a non-premixed flat flame burner shows that the flame temperature is several hundred degrees higher than ambient, with burning times increasing as ambient temperature decreases, highlighting the role of ambient conditions on combustion dynamics. Nanoenergetic materials, including nano-Al, exhibit unique ignition and combustion behaviors due to enhanced surface area and intimacy between reactive components, which lead to increased reaction rates and decreased ignition delays, although the fundamental physical processes controlling these phenomena are not fully understood.
Parametric studies on single aluminum particle combustion have identified primary parameters such as initial particle size, ignition temperature, and ambient pressure and temperature, which significantly affect ignition delay and burning time, emphasizing the role of heterogeneous surface reactions and radiative heat transfer in the combustion process. Solution combustion synthesis of nano ceramic alumina powders further illustrates the influence of fuel to oxidizer ratio on combustion temperature and the characteristics of the synthesized powder, with variations in flame temperature correlating with the nature of combustion and powder properties.
Measurements within aluminized, composite-propellant flames have shown that the initial particle size of aluminum significantly affects the bath-gas temperature, with smaller particles leading to higher average temperatures and suggesting different combustion regimes for nano- versus micron-aluminum particles. Studies on impinging flow geometries of simulated propellant flames seeded with aluminum particles have quantified the heat flux contributions of reacting versus non-reacting powders, demonstrating the substantial energy release from aluminum oxidation. Finally, the low-temperature combustion synthesis of alumina particles has been shown to be influenced by various parameters such as combustion fuel, atmosphere, and reactant density, which affect the particle size of the synthesized alumina, indicating the critical role of combustion conditions on material properties.
What is the properties of alumina ceramic?4 answersAlumina ceramics have several properties that make them suitable for various applications. They have high hardness, strength, wear resistance, and chemical and thermal stability. The addition of yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) to alumina can enhance its mechanical properties, such as fracture toughness and hardness. The microstructural features, such as the presence of elongated grains, play a role in determining these properties. The use of techniques like plasma pressure compaction (P2C) sintering and laser polishing can further improve the compaction, surface roughness, and surface properties of alumina ceramics. Overall, alumina ceramics are known for their exceptional properties, making them suitable for wear-resistant components, machine parts, and other applications that require high hardness, strength, and chemical stability.
What are the current challenges and future directions of alumina ceramics by gelcasting?5 answersThe current challenges in gelcasting of alumina ceramics include obtaining ceramics with tailored microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties, as well as achieving high density and homogeneity in the green body. These challenges are being addressed through the development of new methods and techniques, such as combining direct ink writing with coextrusion of multi-material pastes to engineer complex interlayer networks, and introducing low pressure filtration to gel casting to increase the relative density and homogeneity of the green body. Future directions in gelcasting of alumina ceramics involve further improving the fracture resistance and mechanical properties by directing crack propagation and promoting gradual failure through the use of weak interlayers with different raster patterns. Additionally, efforts are being made to fabricate high-performance ceramics with special porous structures and to optimize the rheological properties of the ceramic slurries for better gelling behavior and consolidation.