What are the recent findings on the involvement of the nucleolus in cell stress responses?
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Recent findings have revealed that the nucleolus plays a crucial role in cell stress responses. It has been discovered that nucleolar stress, caused by impaired ribosome biogenesis and rRNA synthesis, leads to aberrant nucleolar structure and function . Under stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, DNA damage, and oxidative and thermal stress, the nucleolus acts as a stress sensor and signaling hub . Nucleolar stress triggers various signaling transductions, including the Mdm2-p53, NF-κB, and HIF-1α pathways . This stress response is involved in determining cell fate, such as apoptosis, senescence, autophagy, and differentiation . Moreover, nucleolar stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases, including tumorigenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders . The nucleolus also plays a role in the progression of cardiac diseases, both facilitating the survival and repair of cardiomyocytes and contributing to their deterioration . Additionally, the nucleolus is involved in managing nucleolar proteostasis in response to stress, with the involvement of the HSP70 chaperone and the ubiquitin-proteasome system .
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| The paper provides recent findings on the involvement of the nucleolus in cell stress responses, specifically in the context of organelle-targeting photothermal therapy. | |
| The paper discusses the involvement of the nucleolus in cellular stress response and the role of the CHIP ubiquitin ligase in managing nucleolar proteostasis in response to stress. | |
| The paper discusses recent findings on the involvement of the nucleolus in stress responses, including its role as a stress sensor and signaling hub in various stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, DNA damage, and oxidative and thermal stress. | |
| The paper discusses the involvement of nucleolar stress in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, but it does not provide recent findings on the involvement of the nucleolus in cell stress responses. | |
| The paper discusses recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of nucleolar stress and its involvement in cell stress responses. |
Related Questions
What physical state is the nucleolus during cell stress?5 answersDuring cell stress, the nucleolus can transition between liquid-like and solid states. Under stress conditions, misfolded proteins can enter the granular component (GC) phase of the nucleolus, where they transiently associate with nucleolar proteins like NPM1, conferring low mobility and preventing irreversible aggregation. Various classes of chemotherapy drugs induce nucleolar stress, leading to distinct states such as partial dispersion of GC components, metabolic suppression, or proteotoxicity. Nucleolar stress, caused by impaired rRNA synthesis, can trigger signaling pathways like Mdm2-p53, NF-κB, and HIF-1α, influencing cell fate decisions and disease progression. The nucleolus is considered a cellular stress receptor, responding to stimuli like UV radiation, nutrient deprivation, and thermal stress, ultimately impacting cell cycle regulation and cellular outcomes.
What determines where the RBPs will accumulate in the nuclear bodies in response to proteotoxic stress?4 answersThe accumulation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in nuclear bodies in response to proteotoxic stress is determined by their folding states. RBPs, such as TDP-43, initially enter the PML nuclear bodies in their native state upon transient proteostasis stress. However, prolonged stress leads to the misfolding of RBPs within the nuclear bodies. Interestingly, heat shock protein 70 co-enters the PML nuclear bodies to prevent the degradation of misfolded RBPs like TDP-43, highlighting a protective role of the nuclear bodies in preventing stress-induced degradation of RBPs. This dynamic process sheds light on the interplay between protein folding states and the functions of nuclear bodies under stress conditions, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the response of RBPs to proteotoxic stress.
How to use nucleolus preparations in the field of aquaculture?5 answersNucleolus preparations can be used in the field of aquaculture for various purposes. For example, they can be used to assess the effects of toxic stress on aquatic organisms. In a study by Meregalli et al., it was found that chironomid larvae with mouthpart deformities had a higher incidence of active nucleoli in their polytenic chromosomes, indicating increased protein synthesis and potentially increased tolerance to toxicants. Additionally, nucleolus evaluations can provide valuable information for tumor grading in breast cancer. Öztürk et al. found that the nucleolar score, evaluated using light microscopy, correlated with clinicopathological parameters and could be used as an objective parameter in tumor grading. Furthermore, the presence of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in teleostean species like Cyprinus carpio can provide insights into gene expression and the diploidization process. Overall, nucleolus preparations offer a valuable tool for studying various aspects of aquaculture, including toxicology and cancer research.
How does nuclear architecture influence gene expression?3 answersNuclear architecture plays a crucial role in gene expression. The three-dimensional organization of genes and their regulatory sequences within the nucleus influences gene regulation and cell identity. Different regions of the genome are spatially segregated within the nucleus, with transcriptionally active regions located in the nuclear interior and repressive regions at the nuclear periphery. Specific nuclear structures, such as Lamina-Associated Domains (LADs) and H3K9me2-Only Domains (KODs), interact with chromatin and regulate its compaction and higher-order structure. These structures are enriched for tissue-specific transcriptional enhancers and can impact the accessibility and activity of genes within their domains. Changes in the cellular microenvironment can lead to rapid genome reorganization, allowing cells to adjust their gene expression programs to new conditions. Overall, nuclear architecture influences gene expression by organizing genes and their regulatory elements in a spatially and functionally coordinated manner.
What happens to nucleolus during cytokinesis?3 answersDuring cytokinesis, the nucleolus disassembles and then reassembles in telophase. The disassembly of the nucleolus occurs at the beginning of mitosis, when the nucleolar proteins and components disperse throughout the cell. The reassembly of the nucleolus begins in telophase, which is the final stage of mitosis, and continues into early G1 phase. The rebuilding of the nucleolus is a step-wise process that involves the assembly of nucleolus-derived foci (NDF) in the cytoplasm of telophase cells. These NDFs contain proteins of the mature nucleolus and rRNA synthesized prior to mitosis. The nucleolus plays a crucial role in ribosome biogenesis and has additional functions such as assembly of signal recognition particles and sensing cellular stress.
What happens to nucleolus during telophase?3 answersDuring telophase, the nucleolus undergoes reassembly and begins to reform within the cell nucleus. The nucleolus disassembles at the beginning of mitosis and its components disperse throughout the cell. However, during telophase, the nucleolar material coating the chromosomes migrates along with the chromosomes, and nucleologenesis occurs through the formation of prenucleolar bodies around nucleofilaments extruding from the chromosomes. The nucleolar transcription and processing machineries, which are responsible for ribosome production, relocalize from the nucleolus towards the periphery of all chromosomes until telophase. This relocalization is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). As a result of the natural inhibition of CDK1 activity, nucleolar processing machineries are recruited to the sites of ribosomal DNA transcription, and nucleolar transcription is restored in telophase.