What are the most common types of proteins found in crop residues?5 answersThe most common types of proteins found in crop residues include microbial proteins derived from microorganisms like Fusarium venenatum, which efficiently convert carbon sources from agricultural lignocellulosic residues. Additionally, agro-industrial residues and by-products offer a rich source of microbial proteins due to their composition and vast availability. Furthermore, crop residues such as rapeseed, olives, tomatoes, and citrus fruits can be deconstructed using enzymatic approaches to increase protein yields, showcasing the potential for protein recovery from these sources. Moreover, various crop residues like groundnut haulms, maize stover, sweet potato vines, and others have been analyzed for their protein content, highlighting their suitability as alternative feeds for animals. Overall, microbial proteins and proteins from various crop residues present promising options for sustainable protein production.
What is maximum residue levels for pepper?4 answersThe maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pepper vary depending on the active substances used. For the active substance acequinocyl, the MRL proposal is 0.01 mg/kg. For the active substance pyridaben, the MRL proposal is 0.3 mg/kg. For the active substance isofetamid, the MRL proposal is 0.01 mg/kg. For the active substance acrinathrin, the MRL proposal is 0.02 mg/kg. Additionally, the maximum residue limit (MRL) for flupyradifurone in pepper is 0.9 mg/kg according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC).
What residues are involved in myosin tail assembly?3 answersThe residues involved in myosin tail assembly are the C-terminal 14 heptad repeats plus most of the tailpiece (residues 1381–1509). Amino acid residues within heptads 23–32 (residues 1254–1325) are also required for assembly. Additionally, a fragment of 294 amino acids containing four clusters of positively charged and negatively charged residues is necessary and sufficient for self-association. Three threonine residues in the tail region of Dictyostelium myosin II heavy chain (1823, 1833, and 2029) have been implicated in controlling myosin filament formation. Furthermore, a cluster of lysine and arginine residues at the C-terminus of sarcomeric myosins is important for myosin polymerization in vitro and incorporation into the distal ends of the sarcomere in cardiomyocytes.
What are the health impacts of veterinary residues in food?5 answersVeterinary drug residues in food can have significant health impacts. The presence of these residues in meat and edible tissues beyond the allowed limits can affect food trade and human health. Long-term intake of products with excessive residues can lead to irreversible impacts on human health, livestock industries, and the natural environment. These residues pose serious threats to the environment and human health, making the quality and safety of agricultural, livestock, and aquatic products increasingly prominent. The occurrence of hormone residues in animal-derived food beyond the tolerance acts as a risk factor for potential public health problems. Veterinary drugs in animal-derived foods can endanger consumer health and safety, contributing to antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance in pathogens. Therefore, it is crucial to detect and monitor veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods to protect public health and ensure food safety.
What are agro-industrial residues?3 answersAgro-industrial residues are materials derived from the processing of agroforestry industry products. These residues are rich in carbohydrates and novel biochemical compounds, making them suitable for utilization in various industries such as agriculture, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing. They are cost-effective, renewable, low carbon-emitting, and eco-friendly, making them ideal for bio-based refinery and green technologies. Agro-industrial residues can be used for the production of biopesticides, which have the potential to control plant-parasitic nematodes and insect pests. These residues are abundant in Colombia, where they can be transformed into bioproducts through sustainable processes, supporting a circular bioeconomy. Lignocellulosic wastes, a type of agro-industrial residue, can be converted into value-added products through solid-state fermentation, offering economic and environmental advantages. Agro-industrial residues from various crops contain bioactive compounds with valuable properties, and their utilization can lead to the production of high-value by-products in pharmaceuticals, food production, agriculture, and other industries.
What's the difference between a Tyr and a His residue for an active center?4 answersA Tyr residue and a His residue have different roles in an active center. The presence of a Tyr residue model compound, p-cresol (p-Cre), or a His residue model compound, 4-methylimidazole (MIm), enhances the catalytic activity of an artificial oxygen evolving center (OEC) model incorporating Ru-red. In the Y280H mutant of cytochrome c oxidase, the cross-link between Tyr280 and His276 fixes CuB in a certain configuration and distance from heme a3, allowing O2 binding to heme a3 and retaining the active configuration of the catalytic site. In trimethylamine dehydrogenase, Tyr-169 plays an important role in catalysis and mediates the magnetic interaction between FMN cofactor and the 4Fe/4S center. In Rb. capsulatus reaction centers, the mutations Tyr(M208) → Phe and Leu(M212) → His affect the primary charge separation processes, indicating that Tyr and His residues have different effects on the free energy of charge separation. No information was found regarding the difference between Tyr and His residues in the context of a His residue for an active center.