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What is the reason of keeping second step lower temperature in two step sintering of Titania? 


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In the two-step sintering process of Titania, the reason for keeping the second step at a lower temperature is to achieve enhanced densification without significant grain growth . This strategy exploits the difference in temperature sensitivity for densification and grain growth, allowing for improved densification while inhibiting excessive grain growth. By initially heating the specimen to a higher temperature and then cooling it for a longer duration at a lower temperature, full densification without notable grain growth can be achieved, resulting in nanostructured Titania ceramics with fine grain sizes and high relative density. This approach effectively suppresses accelerated grain growth during the final sintering stage, making it feasible to utilize Titania ceramics in structural and tissue engineering applications.

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The second step of low-temperature sintering in two-step sintering of Titania enhances interparticle connectivity and bond strength, improving photovoltaic properties of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells.
The second step in two step sintering of Titania is kept at a lower temperature to suppress accelerated grain growth, achieving dense nanostructured ceramics with fine grain size.
The second step of lower temperature in two-step sintering of Titania is to achieve optimal density and integrity, as shown by the study's results for TiO2 anatase and P25.
The second step in two-step sintering of TiB2–40wt%TiN composites is kept at a lower temperature to minimize nitrogen loss and enhance densification and mechanical properties compared to one-step sintering.
The second step at lower temperature in two-step sintering of Titania-Copper Oxide system enhances densification without significant grain growth, utilizing temperature sensitivity to promote densification over grain growth.

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