What was the first experimental formation of cluster beam?
Best insight from top research papers
The first experimental formation of a cluster beam was discussed by Nechay et al. They designed a modular unit for the formation and study of cluster beams of inert and molecular gases . They conducted experiments to study the emission properties of cluster beams in the extreme ultraviolet range when excited by laser radiation or electron beams. They used cluster beams of inert and molecular gases of various sizes, structures, and compositions as targets. They presented the carbon-dioxide emission spectra obtained by laser excitation and identified the observed lines .
Answers from top 5 papers
More filters
| Papers (5) | Insight |
|---|---|
| The paper does not provide information about the first experimental formation of cluster beam. The paper is about a cluster beam experiment device and a nano cluster preparation method. | |
| The paper does not provide information about the first experimental formation of a cluster beam. | |
| The paper does not provide information about the first experimental formation of a cluster beam. The paper discusses a new type of cluster beam source called the "Matrix Assembly Cluster Source" (MACS) and its potential for scale-up. | |
| The provided paper does not mention the first experimental formation of a cluster beam. The paper is about a supersonic beam apparatus and a cluster ion beam forming method. | |
| The first experimental formation of a cluster beam is discussed in the paper, but the specific details or results of this experiment are not provided. |
Related Questions
What are the current experimental techniques for the production, manipulation, and characterization of subnanoscopic-sized atomic clusters?5 answersExperimental techniques for the production, manipulation, and characterization of subnanoscopic-sized atomic clusters include the use of scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) for precise manipulation and imaging of individual atoms and molecules at atomic resolution. Additionally, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (ac-STEM) is employed to study the atomic structure of size-selected nanoclusters, enabling the determination of atomic structure, growth mechanisms, and control of atomic structure through growth conditions. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental studies utilizing quantum chemical calculations, laser spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry in gas phase have been conducted to investigate the fragmentation, association, stability, and structure of various subnanoscale molecules and clusters, such as heme, saccharides, and endohedral methane–fullerene clusters. These techniques collectively contribute to advancing our understanding of subnanoscopic-sized atomic clusters.
How can i design a cluster trial?5 answersCluster trials should be designed carefully to minimize biases and maximize statistical efficiency. Researchers should consider the potential risks of contamination and the benefits of cluster randomization before deciding to use it. Randomization should be done at the lowest possible level, while ensuring an adequate number of randomization units. Clustering should be accounted for in the sample size calculation, and restricted randomization with adjustment for covariates should be considered. It is recommended to recruit participants before randomizing clusters and to mask recruiters to the allocation when recruiting post-randomization. In the analysis, the target of inference should align with the research question, and adjustment for clustering and small sample corrections should be used when necessary. There are various statistical and computational methods available for identifying optimal cluster trial designs, including exact formulae, generalised methods, and combinatorial optimisation algorithms. New design formulas have been developed to determine the cluster size and number of clusters for pre-specified heterogeneous treatment effect analyses. Local optimal designs and MaxiMin designs have been proposed for different measures and scenarios.
What is the relation between clusterin and breast cancer?5 answersClusterin is a glycoprotein that is overexpressed in many types of cancers, including breast cancer. It has been shown to promote carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In breast cancer, enhanced clusterin expression is associated with molecular typing and the expression of multiple markers related to specific immune cell subsets. This suggests that clusterin may be involved in immune cell recruitment into breast tumors and can serve as a valuable prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. Additionally, clusterin interacts with extracellular heat shock protein 90 alpha (eHsp90α) and modulates its signaling in breast cancer cells, leading to activation of protein families involved in tumor metastasis. The effects of clusterin and eHsp90α on tumor metastasis are mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Furthermore, clusterin is regulated by protein kinase D3 (PRKD3) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and targeting the clusterin pathway, along with PRKD3, shows promise in suppressing TNBC tumor growth.
What is the concept of Gaussian beam?5 answersA Gaussian beam is a type of beam that is widely used in optics and photonics. It is an asymptotic solution of the Helmholtz equation within the paraxial approximation. The amplitude distribution of a Gaussian beam is Gaussian-shaped, with its maximum on the beam axis. Gaussian beams are often used to evaluate high-frequency electromagnetic wave equations and simulate radar cross-sections. They are also used in the study of self-similar beams, such as Platonic Gaussian beams, which are beams with different profiles connected through astigmatic transformations. The nonparaxial Helmholtz equation for a Gaussian beam has been solved analytically, showing that the beam retains its Gaussian distribution of amplitude during propagation. The concept of a Gaussian beam is important in understanding the behavior of laser beams, as diffraction causes the beam to widen as it propagates.
How are dark matter cross-sections studied in galaxy clusters?4 answersDark matter cross-sections in galaxy clusters are studied using various methods. One approach is to compare the statistics and morphology of giant arcs in galaxy clusters using N-body and non-radiative SPH simulations. These simulations include self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) models, which have a non-negligible probability of interaction. It has been found that SIDM produces fewer radial arcs than standard cold dark matter, but they are more magnified on average. Another method involves parametric strong-lensing analysis of galaxy clusters, where the inner shape of dark matter haloes is probed. Evidence for core cluster-scale dark matter haloes has been found in some clusters, which could be useful for interpreting alternative dark matter scenarios such as self-interacting dark matter. Additionally, the interaction cross-section of dark matter can be measured by analyzing continuous minor merger events in which small substructures fall into galaxy clusters. This statistical method can provide constraints on self-interaction models and has the potential to detect differences in the dynamical behavior of dark matter and standard model particles. Finally, weak gravitational lensing data of merging galaxy clusters can be used to test the hypothesis of preferential scattering of dark matter towards the trailing edge of the halo during collisions. This method has the potential to detect scattered dark matter particles and provide an independent test for the self-interaction cross-section of dark matter.
What are clusterinitiatives actvities?4 answersCluster initiatives activities refer to the actions and efforts taken within a cluster initiative to achieve its goals. These activities can vary depending on the specific context and purpose of the cluster initiative. In the abstracts provided, there is no specific mention of cluster initiatives activities.