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It distinguishes itself from other refrigerators in that it is self-contained and benefits from an internal cycle of the 3He gas.
The greenhouse with CO2 supplied from bottles turns out to be superior to tthe greenhouse with CO2 supplied by burning gas.
Replacing old refrigerators before their designed lifetime could be a useful policy to conserve electric energy and greenhouse gas emissions.
The ever rapid rise in the number of refrigerators causes a dramatic increase in energy demand and emissions, which represents a small but growing contribution to overall global warming.
This article presents cost-effective refrigerant alternatives and their potential for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
However, there are no environmental benefits in terms of indirect greenhouse gas emissions using R1234yf without system modifications (as for instance the addition of internal heat exchanger or R1234yf new design components), which are required to reduce the liquid chiller climate change contribution using it as low GWP alternative in comparison with the typically used R134a refrigerant.
Notwithstanding these uncertainties, the data suggested that imported electrical power and biosolids treatment/ disposal operations are the largest potential sources of greenhouse gas.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Donald J. Wuebbles, Katharine Hayhoe 
763 Citations
On a per molecule basis, it is much more effective a greenhouse gas than additional CO2.
It is shown that this system can produce 30% energy savings and over 40% greenhouse gas emissions savings over conventional refrigeration and indoor environment control systems in supermarkets.

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How do natural gas transmission pipelines contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in West Africa?
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Natural gas transmission pipelines contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in West Africa through various factors. Emissions occur during pipeline operation, including fugitive emissions and gas leaks, which are significant sources of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Studies show that the emission levels are influenced by factors such as flow rate variation, pipeline length, and compressor station operations. Implementing effective leak detection programs, optimizing fuel gas consumption by compressors, and improving network operations can help reduce emissions from natural gas pipelines. Additionally, incidents like pipeline failures can lead to substantial greenhouse gas emissions, further emphasizing the need for accurate inventories and climate-oriented pipeline integrity management in the region.
How energy efficient are solar panels?
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Solar panels are essential for converting solar energy into electricity, but their efficiency can be affected by various factors. Research suggests that traditional PV solar panels have an efficiency range of around 15%-20%. To enhance efficiency, solar tracking systems can be employed to adjust the panels' position according to the sun's movement, potentially increasing efficiency by 10.6% compared to non-tracking systems. Additionally, innovative designs like curved solar cell arrays with special lenses can significantly boost efficiency by up to 14% over baseline measurements, eliminating the need for costly mechanical tracking systems. Moreover, incorporating cooling mechanisms and IoT technology can further optimize solar panel efficiency, leading to substantial energy savings in applications like smart homes.
How to use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare one phenomenon in different time periods?
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To compare one phenomenon in different time periods using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, researchers can follow various approaches outlined in the literature. One method involves adapting the KS test to compare events with responses over time, such as emissions throughout a crop cycle. Additionally, for observed processes with periodic or aperiodic inspections, the KS test can be applied directly or by generating equal time increment observations to build an empirical cumulative distribution for comparison. Furthermore, advancements in the field have led to the development of efficient algorithms like MOCHE, which provide counterfactual explanations for test data failing the KS test, enhancing the interpretability of results over different time periods. These methods offer valuable insights into analyzing and comparing phenomena across varying time frames using the KS test.
How does the adoption of EVs and renewable energy sources affect the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions?
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The adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources significantly impacts the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show that coordinated dispatching of EV charging and wind power can lead to substantial carbon emission reduction benefits. Additionally, utility-controlled charging (UCC) for EVs can decrease emissions by 7% compared to uncontrolled charging, contributing to lower operating emissions and costs in decarbonized power systems. Furthermore, the environmental breakeven points of EVs compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in North America indicate that EVs can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions effectively, especially as the carbon intensity of electrical grids decreases over time. However, in regions where electricity is primarily generated by thermal plants, the increased demand for electricity due to EV charging can offset some of the CO2 emission savings achieved by EV adoption.
How much air pollution has been caused by the introduction of electric vehicles?
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The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) has had varying impacts on air pollution depending on the energy sources used for charging. Studies fromandhighlight that while EVs themselves emit no tailpipe pollutants, the indirect emissions from power plants can contribute to pollution. In regions like Serbia and India where coal-based energy systems are prevalent, the shift to EVs may lead to increased CO2, NOX, and SO2 emissions. Conversely,demonstrates that powering EVs with renewable sources like photovoltaic installations can significantly reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, the overall impact of EVs on air pollution depends on the energy mix used for charging, with a potential for both increasing or decreasing pollution levels.
How important is the oil and gas industry?
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The oil and gas industry is a cornerstone of the global economy, generating an estimated $3.3 trillion in annual revenue and serving as a critical economic indicator worldwide. Its importance is underscored by its substantial contribution to the energy supply, accounting for more than half of the world's energy needs, which is essential for supporting global economic growth and social development. Despite the industry's significant environmental footprint, it plays a crucial role in the energy transition towards sustainable development, with natural gas, in particular, being highlighted for its lower environmental impact compared to coal. The industry is also pivotal in achieving the Paris Agreement's objective of limiting global warming, as it is involved in efforts to reduce emissions through the integration of sustainability across its activities and investments in low-carbon technologies. Moreover, the management of oil and gas assets requires high capital investments and addresses safety and environmental concerns, emphasizing the industry's complex challenges and its efforts to mitigate risks. In Russia, the oil and gas sector is a significant part of the economy, highlighting the industry's role in national economic frameworks. However, the industry also faces criticism for its environmental and health impacts, necessitating a balance between its economic contributions and environmental responsibilities. Countries like India, striving for energy independence, illustrate the global reliance on oil and gas for achieving economic growth targets, further emphasizing the industry's importance in meeting national and global energy demands. The industry's global oligopoly structure, with OPEC playing a key role, and its significant share in global proven oil and gas reserves, particularly in emerging and developing countries, underscore its strategic economic and geopolitical importance. Finally, the industry's future relevance is highlighted by its continued dominance in the global energy mix, despite the ongoing energy transition, underscoring the necessity of oil and gas in meeting the world's increasing energy demands.
How to decarbonise airtransport?
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To decarbonize air transport, a shift towards sustainable aviation fuels and advanced propulsion technologies is crucial. The Flightpath 2050 initiative highlights the need for radical decarbonization in the aviation sector, emphasizing the potential of hydrogen and electrification. Large-scale deployment of low-carbon fuels like biofuels and synthetic clean fuels, coupled with energy efficiency enhancements, is identified as a promising pathway for reducing emissions in aviation. Additionally, policies supporting a modal shift in transport demand, cleaner vehicles, and governance structures play a vital role in effective decarbonization of the transport sector. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to steer the sector towards a reliable low-carbon trajectory by leveraging reductions in air transport demand and transitioning to non-biogenic synthetic fuels produced from renewable sources.
What is the impact of digitalization on fuel efficiency?
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Digitalization plays a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency, particularly in the fuel and energy sectors. Studies indicate that digital technologies contribute to improving energy efficiency by optimizing processes, integrating production and marketing, and accelerating the substitution of data elements for power resources elements. Furthermore, the implementation of digital solutions in the energy industry leads to innovative business models, ensuring competitiveness and sustainability. Leveraging digitalization can result in significant energy savings, reduced carbon emissions, and the development of smart energy systems and cities. Additionally, the digital transformation in the fuel and energy complex is essential for creating new communication methods with consumers, upgrading enterprise efficiency, and enhancing the technical condition of production assets. Overall, digitalization positively impacts fuel efficiency by driving innovation, optimizing processes, and fostering sustainability.
What factors influence the choice of transporter's belt material and design in various applications?
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The choice of transporter's belt material and design in various applications is influenced by several factors. These include the need for energy-efficient operation, accurate material flow measurement, avoidance of damage from transported materials, and control of longitudinal vibrations. Factors such as energy intensity, measurement accuracy, material impact direction, and transport capacity play crucial roles in determining the optimal belt material and design. For instance, the design of belt conveyors is crucial for efficient material transport, while considerations like the type of material being transported and the potential for damage guide decisions on belt material and design. By addressing these factors, industries can enhance the performance and reliability of their transport systems.
How does the efficiency of transporter's belts vary across different types and applications?
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The efficiency of transporter belts varies significantly across different types and applications. Research indicates that belt conveyors are the most commonly used transportation machines in mining due to their technical and economic efficiency. Energy-efficient belt conveyor systems can limit energy consumption by reducing main resistances, such as belt indentation rolling resistance, with energy-saving belts showing lower resistance values compared to standard belts. Incorrect operation of automatic control systems can lead to over 50% of failures in belt conveyors, highlighting the need for improved control system models to enhance efficiency. In the context of sheet production machines, transporter belts with elastic sheet contact layers and varying cavity volumes optimize performance in press sections, enhancing overall efficiency. The development of energy-efficient transport systems in mining, including the use of electric drive systems and optimized design parameters, further underscores the importance of efficiency in belt conveyors for mining transport systems.