Showing papers on "Acrylic acid published in 1975"

Interpolymer complex between poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(carboxylic acid)

Abstract: An interpolymer complex was prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and of a poly(carboxylic acid), i.e., poly(acrylic acid)(PAA), poly(methacrylic acid)(PMAA), or styrene-maleic acid copolymer(PSMA). The complexation mechanism was discussed on the basis of results of such experimental methods as viscosity, potentiometric titration, and turbidimetry. The hydrogen bond is primarily involved in these complexations, but the influence of hydrophobic interaction on complexation can not be ignored. If the degree of dissociation α of carboxylic acid or the degree of polymerization Pn of PEO was perceptibly changed, a stable complex was obtained at about α 0.1 or Pn(PEO) = 40 for PMAA, 200 for PAA. This fact indicates that more than a definite number of binding sites are necessary for a stable interpolymer complex to be formed and that cooperative interaction among active sites plays an important role in complex formation.

Polyacrylamide Gels Copolymerized with Active Esters. A New Medium for Affinity Systems

Abstract: A new and versatile method for linking biologically active ligands to a polyacrylamide matrix is reported. Active esters of acrylic acid (N-succinimicyl acrylate and N-phthalimidyl acrylate) were synthesized, then copolymerized with acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. Displacement of the active ester in the gel thus formed by various ligands containing aliphatic amino groups resulted in the formation of stable amid bonds between the ligands and the polyacrylamide gel. The affinity gel thus prepared has the following advantages: (i) resistance to chemical and microbiological degradation, (ii) ease of control of ligand level and higher levels of ligand possible, (iii) ease of control of porosity, and (iv) total displacement of the active ester under suitable conditions. Efficacy of this system was tested by preparation of 6-aminohexyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside derivative polyacrylamide gel by the described method. It was found to be more effective for purification of wheat germ agglutinin than the previously published affinity chromatography systems and the wheat germ hemagglutinin was obtained in crystalline form. In addition, partial resolution of isolectins was obtained from the affinity gel witha pH gradient.

Acrylic polymer dispersant for aqueous acrylic coating compositions

Abstract: An acrylic polymer dispersant useful for preparing pigment dispersions utilized in aqueous acrylic coating compositions; the acrylic polymer is of 1. styrene, an alkyl methacrylate such as methyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate or stearyl methacrylate or a mixture of styrene and an alkyl methacrylate; 2. an alkyl acrylate having 2-12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; and 3. acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; the acrylic polymer has a glass transition temperature of about -90°C. to 70°C. and a weight average molecular weight of about 500-30,000.

Hydrophilic surgical tubular device

Abstract: The invention relates to surgical tubular devices, such as catheters, tracheal or gastric intubation or sounding tubes, tubes for removal of tracheal or pulmonary secretions, and cyctoscopes designed to be temporarily introduced into cavities of living body and consisting of entirely or partially of a hydrophilic copolymer of acrylonitrile with either acrylamide or acrylic acid and, if desired, with a small amount of other co-monomers The copolymers are swellable in water and aqueous solutions In the swelled condition they are pliable, elastic and strong Their properties can be changed by changing the degree of hydrolysis, if the copolymer was prepared by partial hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile, or by changing the content of hydrophilic units, if the copolymer was obtained by copolymerization of a monomer mixture The outer layer or surface layer of the part to be introduced into the cavities of living body such as the larynx, trachea, urethra, etc, contains neutralized anions in side-substituents such as carboxylic, sulphonic, sulphuric or phosphoric groups attached to the copolymer main chain by covalent bonds The part expected to be exposed to the atmosphere during the application to the patient is permanently protected against drying by a layer of a polymer or copolymer impermeable for water and water vapors

Polymers for use in water treatment

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for controlling the formation and deposition of scale and/or suspended solid matter which otherwise would occur in aqueous mediums containing scale imparting ions and dispersed particles. The invention, more particularly, relates to the control of the formation of, the reduction and/or the prevention of the deposition of calcium phosphate, magnesium silicate and/or iron oxide, clay and mixtures thereof in cooling water, scrubber and steam generating systems, evaporators, economisers and the like by the introduction of an effective amount for the purpose of a water soluble polymer composed primarily of moieties derived from acrylic acid or water soluble salt thereof and hydroxy lower alkyl acrylate moieties or water soluble salt thereof to the water used therein. The polymers discovered to be effective for the purpose are those preferably having a mole ratio of from about 34 : 1 to about 1 : 4 of acrylic acid to hydroxylated lower alkyl acrylate moieties. The lower alkyl is an alkyl of from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Ionogenic hydrophilic water-insoluble gels from partially hydrolyzed acrylonitrile polymers and copolymers, and a method of manufacturing same

Abstract: The invention relates to new ionogenic hydrogels based on partially hydrolyzed polymers containing, in the starting material, at least 60, advantageously at least 80% (mol.) of acrylonitrile units, said hydrogels being characterized by a weakly ampholytic, character and by a multiblock structure of polymeric chains with continuous sequences of acrylonitrile units in an amount of from 2 to 95% (molar), alternating with continuous sequences of hydrophylic units consisting of a major amount of acrylic acid and a minor amount of acrylamide units, the sequences or blocks of acrylonitrile units forming together polyacrylonitrile domains detectable by X-ray analysis. In water-swelled condition the hydrogels consist of two distinct but inseparable phases, one of them said polyacrylonitrile, the other said amorphous hydrophilic, highly solvated chains with predominating acrylic acid units. Each macromolecular chain, containing, in average, several blocks or sequences of the said two sorts, (non-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile and hydrolyzed to acrylic acid and acrylamide units), takes part of several domains of the two phases. This structure is uniform and homogeneous in the whole cross-section of any article manufactured from the hydrogel.

Laminated structures comprising films of silane crosslinked acrylate interpolymers having water barrier properties

Abstract: Polymeric compositions having desirable film-forming characteristics and water-barrier properties at substantially neutral pH's and yet solubilizable and thus disposable at substantially non-neutral pH's comprise a silane crosslinked interpolymer of an alkyl acrylate and a monomer interpolymerizable therewith such as, in the preferred alkaline labile embodiment, acrylic acid. The silane crosslinking monomer is preferably 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl acrylate. The resultant pH-sensitive polymeric compositions in film form, are laminated to other dispersible materials to produce a variety of products which are completely disposable at selected non-neutral pH's.

Storage-stable, readily-soluble detergent additives, coating compositions and process

Abstract: A storage-stable, readily-soluble detergent additive comprising particles, at least 70% of which have a diameter within the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm consisting of from 1% to 75% by weight of at least one active material enhancing the washing, bleaching or biocidal effects of a detergent, substantially surrounded by and embedded in from 25% to 99% by weight of an enveloping material consisting of a mixture of A. from 20% to 90% by weight of said mixture of at least one compound having a melting point above 30°C, selected from the group consisting of fatty acids and fatty alcohols, B. from 0 to 50% by weight of said mixture of at least one water-soluble compound selected from the group consisting of poly-oxy-lower alkylene glycols, non-ionic surface-active compounds and anionic surface-active compounds, and C. from 1% to 40% by weight of said mixture of at least one water-insoluble but water-swellable compound selected from the group consisting of salts of acrylic acid copolymers and methacrylic acid copolymers. The invention also relates to the method of producing the particles and the enveloping material. The particles are obtained by spraying a fluid mixture of the components through a nozzle or by a spray disc, and cooling. The stabilized particles of active materials can be incorporated with percompounds and other washing composition components.

Drilling fluid and method

Abstract: The application discloses a viscous aqueous alkaline drilling liquid (fluid) essentially free of clays, for drilling subterranean wells, and a method of drilling such wells. The fluid is circulated into and out of the well, to flush out drill cuttings. The alkaline composition comprises a combination of the thickeners (a) 10 to 90 parts by weight of an addition polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, preferably in the form of a copolymer with another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example a copolymer of a major amount of methacrylic acid and a minor amount of ethyl acrylate, the polymer having a molecular weight of from 125,000 to 12,000,000 solubilized in the aqueous system by an alkali such as sodium carbonate, and (b) 10 to 90 parts by weight of a water soluble polysaccharide, or a water soluble derivative thereof ("polysaccharide" being used herein in a generic sense to include such derivatives) such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, the total amount of (a) plus (b) being 100 parts.

Method for inhibiting the polymerization of acrylic acid or its esters

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the polymerization of acrylic acid or acrylic esters during the distillation for separating or purifying the acrylic acid obtained by the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of propylene or acrolein, or the acrylic esters derived from said acrylic acid, said method comprising carrying out the distillation operation in the presence of (A) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone, hydroquinonemonomethyl ether, cresols, phenols, t-butyl catechol, diphenylamine, phenothiazines and methylene blue (B) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper diethyldithiocarbamate copper dibutyldithiocarbamate and copper salicylate: and (C) molecular oxygen.

Acrylic acid prepn. by oxidn. of propylene - in a tubular reactor contg. two different catalysts utilising cooling media at different temps.

Abstract: In the novel prepn of acrylic acid by the oxidation of propylene with O2-contg. gases in the presence of two different catalysts placed one behind the other in a tubular reactor, at 200-400 degrees C, cooling the reactor is effected in two separate zones such that (a) the temp. of the cooling medium, in the direction of reaction gas flow in the first zone, where propylene is oxidised to acrolein, is 20-150 degrees C higher than the temp. of the cooling medium in the second zone where the acrolein formed in the presence of the first catalyst, is oxidised in the presence of the other catalyst to acrylic acid, (b) the temp. of the cooling medium within both zones increases only by up to 50 degrees C and (c) the reaction gases before reaching the second catalyst are cooled to the temp. of the second cooling medium in an intermediate space filled with the second reactor. Post-combination of the reaction gases in the first catalyst stage is obviated. Plant requirements are reduced and the process affords good control at optimal acrylic acid yield.

Polyacrylate-grafted block copolymer adhesive compositions

Abstract: The adhesion of hydrocarbon block copolymers to polar substrates is enhanced by compositions containing either blends of polymers of acrylic acid esters with block copolymers or block copolymers modified by grafted polymerized acrylic acid esters.

Polymerizable epoxide-modified compositions

Abstract: Polymerizable reaction product mixtures are prepared by the reaction of an epoxide of a long chain (1) unsaturated fatty oil or (ii) unsaturated fatty acid or ester thereof with a mixture of (a) acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, (b) a diepoxide, and (c) at least one other modifying compound. The modifying compounds contain a group that will react with the epoxidized fatty oil or with the epoxidized fatty acid or ester. The mixtures produced are useful per se and in formulations as inks or coatings that are curable by exposure to radiation or by heating.

Non-woven fabrics bonded with pH sensitive film-forming silane crosslinked acrylate interpolymers

Abstract: A pH-sensitive polymeric composition is used as a binder for other materials, such as webs of non-woven water-dispersible fibers, to produce products which are completely disposable at selected non-neutral pH's. The polymeric composition, which has film-forming characteristics and water-barrier properties at substantially neutral pH's and yet is solubilizable and thus disposable at substantially non-neutral pH's, comprises a silane crosslinked interpolymer of an alkyl acrylate and a monomer interpolymerizable therewith such as, in the preferred alkaline labile embodiment, acrylic acid. The silane crosslinking monomer is preferably 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl acrylate.

Powder paint with epoxy and hydroxy copolymer and mixture of dicarboxylic acids and polyanhydrides

Abstract: Improved powder paint compositions are disclosed which comprise a particulate mixture of (1) a qualitatively difunctional copolymer of about 5 to about 20 weight percent of a glycidyl ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated acid, about 2 to about 10 weight percent of C 5 - C 7 hydroxyalkyl acrylates and/or C 5 - C 7 hydroxyalkyl methacrylates, and about 70 to about 93 weight percent monoethylenically unsaturated monomers consisting essentially of monofunctional monomers selected from the group consisting of esters of a C 1 - C 8 monohydric alcohol and acrylic acid, esters of a C 1 - C 8 monohydric alcohol and methacrylic acid and C 8 - C 12 monovinyl hydrocarbons, (2) a C 4 - C 20 saturated, straight chain, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid which is present in an amount that provides about 0.1 to about 0.6 carboxyl group per functional group on said copolymer, and (3) a polyanhydride, i.e., a homopolymer of a monomeric anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid, having molecular weight in the range of about 1000 to about 5000 which is present in an amount that provides about 0.2 to about 1.1 anhydride groups per epoxy group on said copolymer.

Powder coatings containing copolymer containing isobornyl methacrylate as melt flow modifier

Abstract: Low molecular weight copolymers of (1) acrylic acid esters or methacrylic acid esters of alcohols such as methanol with (2) esters of bicyclic alcohols such as isobornyl alcohol and unsaturated acids such as methacrylic acid, as contrasted with high molecular weight copolymers of such monomers (1) and (2) (see U.S. patent No. 3,485,775) and as contrasted to other acrylic polymers, are found to be exceptional in compatibility with practically all types of hard coating resins, and to lower the flow temperature of the mixture when using powder coating methods such as an electrostatic spray or a fluidized bed, electrostatic or not, as compared with the use of the hard coating resin alone.

Water removable pressure sensitive adhesive

Abstract: The composition comprises an aqueous mixture of an acrylic acid ester copolymer and/or a polyvinyl ether; polyvinyl methyl ether; an alkali metal and/or ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid, of polymethacrylic acid or of copolymer of acrylic and methacrylic acids; a monomeric plasticizer; and an emulsifier. The composition is useful as a pressure sensitive adhesive for labels. A label coated with the composition is readily removed from the surface upon which it is affixed by treatment with water.

Control of pulp-paper mill pitch deposits

Abstract: The deposition of adhesive pitch particles from aqueous suspension of cellulose fibers is inhibited and, if desired, substantially prevented, from depositing on the surfaces of pulp-making equipment by adding to the suspension an anionic polymer containing at least about 25 mol percent but not more than about 85 mol percent of hydrophobic oleophilic linkages selected from the group comprising styrene, isobutylene, methylstyrene, allyl stearate, octadecyl acrylate, octadecene, dodecene, n-octadecylacrylamide, vinyl stearate and vinyl dodecyl ether and at least about 15 mol percent but not more than about 75 mol percent of hydrophilic acid linkages selected from the group comprising acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, acrylamidoacetic acid, maleamic acid and styrenesulfonic acid, forming a pitch-polymer complex of said particles and said polymer, and removing said complex with the water used to wash said cellulose fiber suspension thereby separating substantially all of the pitch-polymer complex from said cellulose fiber suspension, wherein the amount of polymer thus added prior to beating being in the range of about 0.5-100 parts by weight of polymer per million parts per weight of the suspension.

No Catalyst Copolymerization by Spontaneous Initiation. A New Method of Preparation of Alternating Copolymers

Abstract: A new type of copolymerization is presented which proceeds without any added catalyst A monomer of nucleophilic reactivity (MN) is mixed with the second monomer having electrophilic reactivity (ME) to produce a zwitterion +MN—ME-(1), which is responsible for initiation as well as propagation By the following scheme of reactions, alternating copolymer is formed Sometimes the reactions between zwitterion species 1, 2, and 3 with free monomer occur, which give rise to the formation of copolymer having a biased composition Cyclic imino ethers, exoimino cyclic ether, and azetidine have been explored as the MN comonomers β-Propiolactone, cyclic anhydride, sultone (sulfolactone), acrylic acid, acrylamide, and β-hydroxyethyl acrylate have successfully been adopted as the ME comonomers Copolymerization occurred without any catalyst with all combinations of MN and ME monomers, and various alternating copolymers were produced Several important results which explicate the new concept are presented and

Gamma ray-induced graft copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid to nylon 6 fabric

Abstract: Kinetics of radiation-induced grafting of acrylamide (Aam) and acrylic acid (Aa) to nylon 6 fabric were investigated employing a mutual radiation technique. Copper sulfate was used as the radical scavenger to reduce homopolymer formation. Formic acid was used for swelling, and its effect on grafting was studied. Maximum amount of grafting was doubled when formic acid was used for swelling nylon prior to, but not during, irradiation. The rate of grafting was not significantly affected if it was carried out in an atmosphere of air instead of nitrogen. The effect of monomer concentration, dose rate, and total dose on grafting has been studied. Rate of grafting was significantly higher when lower dose rates and monomer concentrations were used. Saturation grafting was proportional to monomer concentration up to 2.1M. Initial rate of grafting was proportional to monomer concentration. The rate of grafting of Aam was proportional to the dose rate to the power 0.25–1.0. A synergestic effect was noticed during grafting with mixtures of Aam and Aa (80:20; 20:80). Grafted fabrics showed considerable increase in moisture regain. Dyeability and tensile properties of the grafted fabrics were not significantly affected by grafting. Aa-grafted fabrics did not melt up to 320°C, whereas untreated nylon melts at 215°C.

Polymers of alkyl acrylates

Abstract: Polymers of esters of acrylic acid having an average chain length of about 6 to about 30 mers are prepared by an anionic polymerization reaction, carried out in the presence of a catalytic amount of an alkoxide anion. These polymers, their hydrolysis products, and their derivatives have a wide variety of applications, including among others use as components in films, coatings, fibers, impregnants, adhesives, and binders, and use as modifiers, plasticizers, melt flow improvers, and leveling agents.

Alloy fibers of rayon and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acids

Abstract: Highly absorbent, cardable cellulosic fibers are made by incorporating therein, an alkali metal or ammonium salt of a copolymer of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, where the ratio of acrylic acid units to methacrylic acid units (by weight) is from 90:10 to 10:90.

Moulding composition of a polycarbonate, a graft copolymer and a copolymer and moulded articles therefrom

Abstract: Thermoplastic moulding composition composed of A. 10 - 50 parts of a graft copolymer of styrene, methylmethacrylate or mixtures and acrylonitrile or acrylic acid esters onto a butadiene homo- or copolymer having a particle size of 0.05 to 0.19 μ, B. 80 - 10 parts by weight of a copolymer of A. 50 - 90 % by weight of styrene and/or α-methylstyrene, B. 10 - 50 % by weight of acrylonitrile and/or acrylic acid ester, and C. 10 - 80 parts by weight of polycarbonate.

Method for preparing mercapto propionic acid esters and polythio dipropionic acid esters

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of mercapto propionic acid esters and/or polythio dipropionic acid esters by reaction of an acrylic acid ester with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of a weakly basic amine base as a catalyst and a polythiodipropionic acid ester as a reactive solvent.

Process for adhering hydrophilic layers to dimensionally stable polyester films

Abstract: Hydrophilic layers are made to adhere to dimensionally stable polyester film supports by applying to an unstretched or only longitudinally stretched polyester film an adhesive layer from an aqueous coating composition comprising a chlorine-containing copolymer formed of 45 to 99.5 % by weight of at least one of the monomers vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, 0.5 to 10 % by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or of N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and 0 to 54.5 % by weight of at least one monomer taken from acrylamides, methacrylamides, esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and maleic acid, and N-alkyl maleimides. Immediately thereafter, without drying of the adhesive layer, a subbing layer is applied thereto from an aqueous gelatin solution comprising a plasticizer for the gelatin. After drying of the two layers, they are biaxially or transversally stretched together with the polyester film support, and heat-setted. Finally a hydrophilic layer is applied to the subbing layer. The polyester film may be a film of polyethylene terephthalate and the hydrophilic layer applied to the subbing layer may be a light-sensitive gelatin silver halide emulsion layer.

Bridged Xanthenes. II. An Intramolecular Cycloaddition Route

Abstract: Oxidation of mesitol (8) with lead tetraacetate in acrylic acid followed by gentle heating gives 6-hydroxy-4,6,7-trimethyl-5-oxobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2-carboxylic acid lactone (13), which is cons...

Photocurable low gloss coatings containing silica and acrylic acid

Abstract: The addition of a small amount of acrylic acid to a silica-containing radiation curable coating increases the flatting efficiency of the silica.

Powder paint with epoxy and hydroxy copolymer and anhydride

Abstract: Improved powder coating compositions are disclosed which comprise a particulate mixture of (1) a qualitatively difunctional copolymer of about 5 to about 20 weight percent of a glycidyl ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated acid, about 2 to about 10 weight percent of difunctional monomers selected from C5 -C7 hydroxyalkyl acrylates and C5 -C7 hydroxyalkyl methacrylates, and about 70 to about 93 weight percent monoethylenically unsaturated monomers consisting essentially of monfunctional monomers selected from the group consisting of esters of a C1 -C8 monohydric alcohol and acrylic acid, esters of a C1 -C8 monohydric alcohol and methacrylic acid and C8 -C12 monovinyl hydrocarbons, and (2) an anhydride crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of monomeric anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids and homopolymers of monomeric anhydries of dicarboxylic acids, the same being present in an amount such as to provide about 0.3 to about 1.2 anhydride groups for each functional group on the copolymer.

Articles coated with pressure-sensitive interpolymers containing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid

Abstract: Acrylic pressure-sensitive resins comprising at least one ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and between 0.1 and 1.5 weight percent of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. The resins are prepared in aqueous emulsion and when coated on substrates and dried provide pressure-sensitive films with superior peel strength retention.