Showing papers on "Acrylic acid published in 1978"

Chemische synthese verzweigter polysaccharide, 5. Kopplung von oligosacchariden und amylose an verschiedene träger durch hydrazonbindung

Abstract: The coupling of glucose and maltooligomers by hydrazone linkage to carriers by means of acid hydrazide groups was investigated. The following carriers were used: (1) linear polymers such as (a) poly(ethylene glycol) with carboxymethyl (CM) end groups, (b) CM-amylose and CM-cellulose, 6-COOH amylose and 6-COOH cellulose, pectic acid, alginic acid, poly(acrylic acid); (2) multifunctional centers such as (c) CM-cyclodextrin, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, crosslinked poly(acrylamide) (BIO-GEL). The hydrazone linkage which is formed preferably in borate buffer at pH 8,5 was stable above pH 6 and could be split by mild acid treatment at pH 4. Maltooligomeric grafts of degree of polymerization DP ≧ 4 may be extended enzymatically by phosphorolytic synthesis to amylose chains of variable length. Primer activity of the bound maltooligomers for phosphorylase was obviously not hindered by the hydrazone linkage, by free hydrazide groups, or by synthetic polymers as carriers. ABA-Block copolymers may be derived from(a), comb-like molecules from (b), and different kinds of star-like molecules from (c).

Preparation and characterization of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)

Abstract: A series of samples of the acrylamide/acrylic acid system with various compositions was prepared by copolymerization as well as saponification, and some new results on the kinetics of both processes are given. The products were characterized by osmometry, viscometry, GPC, DTA, and elemental analysis. The results led to the conclusion that copolymerisation and saponification lead to copolymers of identical sequential distribution of the monomeric units. It was found that the intrinsic viscosity as well as the slope factor kH · [η]2 —measured in 0,5 m NaBr solution—show a maximum at intermediate comonomer composition. This finding can be interpreted by chain stiffening due to intramolecular segmental interaction.

Manufacture of polymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid

Abstract: An improved process for the production of polymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid by polymerizing acrylic acid or methacrylic acid in isopropanol or in a water-isopropanol mixture containing at least 40% by weight of isopropanol in the presence of polymerization initiators at a temperature of from 120° to 200° C. under pressure. The polymers obtained are used as dispersing agents for inorganic pigments.

Moldable polyurethane foam-backed fabrics

Abstract: The invention relates to a process wherein A a heat curable froth or foamable mixture of polyurethane reaction components is applied to the back of a fabric, B the coated fabric is heated to form a gelled, tack-free and storable foam-backed fabric and C the fabric is shaped and cured using a hot molding process. The polyurethane formulation contains a hydroxy functional ester of an acrylic or alkyl acrylic acid and a free radical initiator.

Synthesis of an Ion Exchange Membrane by Radiation-Induced Grafting of Acrylic Acid onto Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Abstract: Synthesis of an Ion Exchange Membrane by Radiation-Induced Grafting of Acrylic Acid onto Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Dispersant for calcium carbonate

Abstract: Calcium carbonate is dispersed by a dispersant comprising a salt of an acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymer.

Solubilized acrylic polymers and carpet shampoos containing the same

Abstract: of the Disclosure As a modifier for carpet shampoos and the like, an aqueous composition containing a polymer component comprising an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic polymer, polyvalent metal ions, ammonia or a volatile amine] to solubilize the copolymer, and optionally CO3?, HCO3? or an anion of an amino acid. The acrylic polymer is a low molecular weight copolymer of 20-60 parts butyl acrylate, 0-25 parts styrene, 0-15 parts methyl meth-acrylate, and 40-60 parts of at least one of meth-acrylic acid, acrylic acid, and itaconic acid. Prefe-rably the polymer contains at least about 5 parts of styrene, the styrene:butyl acrylate ratio being no more than 1:1. The pka of the polymer component is less than about 6.7 and the number average molecular weight of the polymer is about 2500-100,000. The viscosity in centipoises at 25% solids of polymer in water at 35°C. and containing at least two equivalents of ammonium cation and at least 0.8 equivalents of zinc as zinc oxide, is preferably below 3,500 cps, more preferably below 1,500 cps.

Low molecular weight acrylate resins and a process for their production

Abstract: A process for the production of a crosslinkable low-molecular weight acrylic resin containing hydroxyl-groups and having a low-molecular consistency factor by the radical bulk copolymerization of (A) 0 to 30 parts by weight of a hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or mixtures thereof; (B) 0 to 60 parts by wt. of styrene or a substituted styrene or methyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof; (C) 10 to 90 parts by weight of an acrylic acid ester or of a methacrylic acid ester with 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the alcohol radical or mixtures thereof; (D) 0 to 30 parts by weight of an α,β-monoolefinically saturated mono- or di-carboxylic acid with 3 to 5 carbon atoms or of a maleic acid semiester or mixtures thereof or reaction products thereof with a monoglycidyl compound, in the presence of 10 to 70 parts by weight of a monoallyl ether of an at least trihydric alcohol, The sum of the parts by weight of all the monomers A - E amounting to 100, Wherein the indicated quantity of monomer E is initially introduced and, at temperatures above 100° C, monomers A to D together with 0.5 to 6% by weight, based on A to D, of an initiator with a half-life period at 100 to 160° C of 0.01 to 100 minutes, are introduced over a period of 1 to 6 hours and polymerized, at least 98% by weight of the monomers A to D and from 36 to 95% by weight of monomer E being converted. Acrylate resins of this type are eminently suitable for the production of readily processible binder mixtures which although low in viscosity, have a very high solids content.

Graft copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers onto irradiated polypropylene fibers

Abstract: A method of graft copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers, such as 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and acrylamide, onto irradiated polypropylene fibers has been studied. ..gamma.. ray as well as electron beam were employed for the irradiation processes. Graft-copolymerization kinetics and the properties of grafted fibers have been investigated. Moisture regain, dyes absorption, and melting point of the grafted fibers were found to increase with the increasing of the degree of grafting. Polypropylene for 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone grafted fibers showed excellent dye absorption for almost all kinds of dyes such as direct, basic, acid, reactive, disper, and naphthol dyes. However, for polypropylene acrylic acid grafted fibers, the colorfastness to washing was found to be unsatisfactory. The colorfastness to washing for polypropylene 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone grafted fibers was found to be fairly good for certain types of dyes such as vat and naphthol dyes. 6 tables, 7 figures.

Air-curing copolymer latices

Abstract: Air-curing copolymer latices are described. The preferred copolymer latices are prepared by emulsion copolymerization, in the presence of a free radical polymerization catalyst such as inorganic or organic peroxide polymerization catalysts, with a blend (in % by weight based on the total weight of all monomers used) of (a) about 1% to about 20% of dicyclopentadienyl acrylate or dicyclopentadienyl methacrylate, (b) about 99% to about 20% of an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, including mixtures of such monomers, and preferably a lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate in which the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (c) 0% to about 5% of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and (d) 0% to about 85% of other monoethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable monomers. As examples of other copolymerizable monomers which may be used as component (d) may be mentioned: higher alkyl acrylates and methacrylates in which the alkyl groups contain from 5 to about 18 carbon atoms, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile; also vinyl esters (e.g. vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate of vinyl chloride), styrene and alkyl vinyl ethers. The novel air-curing latices of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in paints and other coating applications since the films obtained therefrom continue to cure on standing in air, as evidenced by a marked increase in their resistance to solvents, such as methyl ethyl ketone. The cure can be accelerated to a significant degree by heating the films and/or by incorporating a few percent of a drying agent in the latex.

The structure of hydrous Zr(IV) oxide–polyacrylate membranes: Poly(acrylic acid) deposition

Abstract: The formation of hydrous Zr(IV) oxide–polyacrylate dynamic membranes was studied by the dependence of water flux decline and steady-state water flux on the concentration of poly(acrylic acid) in the feed. Analysis of the results indicates that the poly(acrylic acid) enters the pores of the hydrous Zr(IV) oxide layer, rather than forming a second layer. This configuration was consistent with scanning electron micrographs of the surface.

Continuous process for the preparation of an acrylic acid-methyl acrylate copolymer in a tubular reactor

Abstract: A continuous process for the preparation of water-soluble copolymers of vinyl carboxylic acids and lower alkyl acrylates is disclosed. The process employs a tubular reactor and polymerizes the monomers in aqueous solution in the presence of a free radical catalyst. Molecular weights of from 3,000-300,000 and preferably from about 5,000-25,000 are obtained utilizing this process.

Purification of crude acrylic acid

Abstract: A process for purifying crude acrylic acid characterized in that high-purity purified acrylic acid containing little or no low boiling aldehydes is obtained by rectifying a crude acrylic acid consisting essentially of acrylic acid and containing low boiling substances such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, water and acetic acid and/or high boiling substances such as maleic acid, phenol, benzaldehyde and acrylic acid dimer, thereby removing said low boiling substances and then high boiling ones, and then stripping trace amounts of remaining low boiling aldehydes with an inert gas such as nitrogen or air at a liquid to gas molar ratio of 2 to 20.

Alloy fibers of rayon and an alkali metal or ammonium salt of an azeotropic copolymer of polyacrylic acid and methacrylic acid having improved absorbency

Abstract: Cardable cellulosic fibers having improved water and fluid absorbency are made by incorporating therein an alkali metal or ammonium salt of a copolymer of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid prepared by a process wherein the two monomers are mixed together in ratios during the polymerization so that the amount of copolymer chains substantially richer in methacrylic acid moieties than the total ratio of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid monomers included in the copolymerization process and the number of copolymer chains considerably lower in degree of polymerization than the copolymer average are minimized.

Stable, compatible thixotropic gel with copolymer gelling agent

Abstract: A stable, compatible thixotropic gel of the type gelled from a mixture including a solvent, a cosolvent and a gelling agent. The gelling agent comprises a copolymer of ethylene and at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, esterified acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, vinyl formate, vinyl propionate and mixtures thereof. The copolymer has a number average molecular weight between about 500 and about 10,000.

Catalyst compositions especially useful for preparation of unsaturated acids

Abstract: The present invention is a catalyst composition consisting of oxides or oxide complexes that contains catalytically significant amounts of uranium or thorium plus, tungsten, vanadium and molybdenum plus optionally one or more of Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Bi, Ti, Zr, Sn, P, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, lanthanum or an element of the lanthanoid series. These catalysts are especially useful for producing acrylic acid from acrolein and for producing methacrylic acid from methacrolein.

Processing method for magnetic powder

Abstract: PURPOSE: To improve a dispersion property in a binder by adding monomer such as metacrylic acid and others, acryl series monomer and copolymer starter and precipitate to a water medium containing a dispersed magnetic powder and thereafter by covering the powder surface with those components. CONSTITUTION: A monomer containing 10 mole % of metacrylic acid, 45 mole % of metacrylic methyl and 45 mole % of acrylic acid ethyl is primarily added to 10 part of γ-Fe 2 O 3 magnetic powder. Successively, karium sulfide 0.003 part, sodium sulfate 0.5 part and water 100 part are added to the above composition to heat and provide a repolymer for them, thereafter being washed, filtered and dried. Thereafter this powder is mixed together with vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate - vinyl alcohol copolymer and methyl isobutyl ketone - toluen mixed solvent to be kneaded together and is coated and dried on a polyester film. By such a process, a magnetic tape with a great retangular rate can be prepared. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Process for the production of a glycidyl group containing acrylic resin and its use

Abstract: There are prepared powder enamels or varnishes containing an acrylic resin in combination with an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. The acrylic resin has glycidyl groups and is prepared by bulk polymerizing a mixture of: (a) methyl methacrylate, 20 to 70 weight %; (b) at least one ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with a monohydric alcohol, whose homopolymer has a glass transition temperature below 40° C., 10 to 40 weight %; (c) glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate, 10 to 25 weight %; and (d) an additional monomer copolymerizable with (a), (b) and (c), 0 to 50 weight %; in the presence of a radical (free radical) catalyst and in the presence of, based on the weight of the monomer mixture of 0.1 to 3.0 weight percent of at least one ester of phosphorous acid having the formula: ##STR1## where R 1 is hydrogen or a saturated aliphatic group with 1 to 16 carbon atoms, an aryl group with 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl substituted aryl with 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl, or an aralkyl group with 7 to 18 carbon atoms and R 2 and R 3 are the same or different saturated aliphatic groups with 1 to 16 carbon atoms, aryl groups with 6 to 10 carbon atoms, alkyl substituted aryl with 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl, or aralkyl groups with 7 to 18 carbon atoms.

Radio-hardenable acrylic polyesters

Abstract: Radio-hardenable acrylic polyesters of the general formula: [A][B--C--D.sub.m ].sub.2 (I) wherein A is the radical of a linear polyester of the general formula: --O--[R.sub.1 --R.sub.2 ].sub.x R.sub.1 --O-- (II) wherein R 1 is a radical derived from at least one dihydroxylated compound, R 2 a radical derived from at least one dicarboxylic acid and x an integer from 1 to 20; wherein B has the same meaning as R 2 , C is a radical derived from at least one aliphatic polyhydroxylated compound, D a radical derived from acrylic acid and m is an integer from 2 to 7. Manufacture of said polyesters and use as binders in radio-hardenable compositions.

Foamable polymer material

Abstract: What is disclosed is a foamable polymer composition comprising (A) a copolymer of 20-99.99 percent by weight of a member selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, 0-79.99 percent by weight of a further ethylenically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable therewith, and 0.01-5 percent by weight of a member selected from the group consisting of metal salts of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and (B) a foaming agent compatible with said copolymer, methods for making such a composition, polymer foams prepared therefrom, and laminates of such foams with resin-impregnated fiber glass mats.

Process for preparation of thioethers

Abstract: The process of preparing thioethers by reacting aliphatic thioalcohols, e.g., mercaptans, including hydrogen sulfide with activated, alpha, beta unsaturated compounds ##STR1## capable of participating in the Michael Addition Rection* in which X is a suitable electron withdrawing group. The Addition, which is carried out in the presence of a catalytic base is greatly improved with respect to minimizing formation of side products by utilizing a specially selected catalyst comprising one or more cyclic tertiary nitrogen compounds having an excellent balance between reactivity and selectivity. The preparation of thioethers from acrylic acid derivatives especially esters (CH 2 ═CH--COOR', R'=C 1 --C 8 ) is preferred. The preparation of the dimethyl ester of 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid to result in dimethylthiodipropionate of relatively high purity is especially preferred. Edition.

Polyamide moulding compounds having high impact strength

Abstract: Polymer blends consisting of from 60-99 % by weight of polyamide and of from 1-40 % by weight of a graft product of polyethylene or copolymers of ethylene with grafted units of (meth)acrylic acid and/or (meth)acrylic acid derivatives and/or maleic acid which graft products have been prepared by a special grafting process.

Vegetable oil adducts

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein x and y are integers from 3 to 9, x and y together equal 12, one Z is hydrogen and the other Z is a carboxylic acid group, and R 1 and R 2 are fatty acid groups. A process for introducing approximately one carboxylic acid group per triglyceride molecule in vegetable oils has been developed, and the resulting acid adduct forms soaps with attractive properties. The process comprises first conjugation of the double bonds of the nonconjugated polyunsaturated groups present in the fatty acid ester and elaidinization with a catalyst, such as iodine, and then adduct formation with acrylic acid to form the compounds of the general formula. This process also greatly stabilizes the triglyceride against atmospheric oxidation and polymerization reactions.

No catalyst alternating copolymerization of cyclic imino ethers

Abstract: This article presents first the general concept of “no catalyst alternating copolymerization”, in which a nucleophilic monomer M N is combined with an electrophilic monomer M E preferably in aprotic polar solvents to produce a zwitterion + M N –M E - , the key intermediate of the copolymerization. Then it describes some aspects of the new copolymerization. Cyclic imino ethers are empolyed as M N , which are combined with several electrophilic monomers such as β-propiolactone, acrylic acid, propanesultone, acrylamide, ethylenesulfonamide, hydroxyalkyl acrylate and cyclic acid anhydride. In all combinations except the last one with cyclic acid anhydride, 1:1 alternating copolymers were produced. In the last one, 2:1 alternating copolymers were formed. The scheme of each copolymerization is shown.

Preparation of polyacrylic acid alkali metal salt bridged polymer

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the title bridged polymer with excellent absorbability, thickening property or the like useful as a paper diaper or the like by a method wherein an acrylic acid partial neutralized compound based on alkali metal salt is subjected to an aqueous polymerization in the presence of a water soluble polyhydric alcohol and the obtained water containing polymer is heated and dried. CONSTITUTION: An acrylic acid partial neutralized compound 100 parts by wt. of which 60W90 mole % is present as an alkali metal salt such as sodium salt or the like is dissolved in water at a concentration of above 30wt% and 0.0005W20 parts by wt. of a water soluble polyhydric alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups per a molecule capable of reacting carboxyl group such as diethyleneglycol, triethyleneglycol, glicerine or the like as well as a polymerization initiator are added and dissolved, thereafter subjected to an aqueous polymerization at a temperature of about 10W80°C. Subsequently, the obtained water containing polymer is dried by heating to carry out an esterifying reaction of a carboxyl group of a polymer and a hydroxyl group of a water soluble polyhydric alcohol and form a bridged structure. Thereby, an objective bridged polymer is obtained. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

On the mechanism of isomerization reactions in the esters of some simple α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids

Abstract: It is shown from a detailed examination of first field free region metastable peak shapes that the molecular ion of the methyl ester of acrylic acid rearranges into 2- and 3-butenoic acid ions prior to metastable fragmentations involving the losses of H2O, CH3˙ and CO. The key intermediate ion in this ester-acid isomerization is shown to be the enol form of ionized γ-butyrolactone. The C-5 homologues methylmethacrylate and ethylacrylate display a similar mechanism for H2O loss, but the loss of CH3˙ shows additional mechanistic complexities. It was shown from the metastable peak shapes of 13C and deuterium labelled compounds that the larger part of the methyl loss does not occur from acid type ions, but directly from methyl substituted enol ions of γ-butyrolactone. The mechanistic proposals also account for the presence of a pronounced loss of CH3˙ from the isomeric ester methylcrotonate and the absence of H2O loss in both methylcrotonate and the methyl ester of 3-butenoic acid.

Acrylic acid recovery and purification

Abstract: A process for the recovery ot acylic acid from an aqueous solution resulting from the oxidation of propylene or acrolein, in which the acrylic acid, acetic acid and water are extracted with a solvent. preferably one boiling below the boming point of acrylic acid, the extract being distilled in a solvent recovery column to obtain an overhead stream of solvent and water and a bottoms stream of acrylic acid charactemsed in that a vapour stream is removed from below the feed tray of the solvent recovery column and the vapour stream is rectified to remove acetic acid.

The in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in polyester yarns

Abstract: The effects of a pretreatment of polyester (PET) yarns with a strongly interacting solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) on vinyl monomer incorporation were investigated. When the DMF pretreatment is carried out at high temperatures (above 120/sup 0/C), the swollen PET structure is stabilized by solvent-induced secondary crystallization. This substrate is highly suitable for the incorporation of vinyl monomers. In situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in DMF-treated PET was investigated using chemical and ..gamma..-irradiation polymerization techniques, both in the presence and in the absence of excess monomer outside the PET fibers. When polymerization was carried out in a system in which a constant supply of free radicals was available from the outside of the PET fibers, lower initiator concentrations and smaller ..gamma..-irradiation doses were necessary. These results are attributed to a low efficiency of the initiator inside the PET fiber due to mobility restrictions. Water uptake and moisture regain of PET yarns containing poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid) were also investigated. When most of the vinyl polymer was inside the PET fiber, water absorption was limited. The changes in mechanical properties of the PET yarns resulting from the DMF pretreatment were partially reversed by in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers.

Method for treatment of metal surface

Abstract: A method for the treatment of a metal surface, which comprises applying a treating liquid comprising an emulsion and a water-soluble chromium compound containing 30 to 90% by weight of hexavalent chromium and optionally a water-insoluble white carbon to a metal surface and drying the resultant, said treating liquid containing substantially no alkali metal ion, said emulsion being prepared by emulsion-polymerizing α, β-monoethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylic acid and a copolymer of acrylic acid and a monomer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, an acrylamide, a methacrylamide and a hydrophilic monomer of the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is hydrogen atom or methyl; R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and X is a functional group containing at least one of oxygen atom, phosphorus atom and sulfur atom, said emulsifier being used in an amount of 20 parts by weight or more (in the solid content) to 100 parts by weight of the α,β-monoethylenically unsaturated monomer.