Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 1980"

Effect of ozone and ammonium hydroxide treatments on the composition and in-vitro digestibility of cotton straw.

Abstract: Cotton straw (CS) was treated with ozone, ammonium hydroxide and a combination of the two, and the effect of the treatments on the composition of cell wall (CW) fractions and on in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) was studied The ammonium hydroxide treatment did not affect the lignin content, but a reduction of 50% in lignin and hemicellulose, and a corresponding increase in cell contents, were found in the ozone-treated materials The pH of CS was reduced from 611 to 228 by ozone, probably due to the formation of organic acids derived from the oxidised lignin Plateau-like ultraviolet (uv) spectra of the water extracts were obtained with all the treatments indicating that a variety of uv absorbing substances, including phenolic components, have been released The extinction at 280 nm, suggested to indicate the concentration of phenolic components, was increased compared to the untreated CS by 37 and 98% with the ozone and the combined treatment, respectively; the ammonium hydroxide treatment had little effect In vitro OMD was significantly increased by more than 100% by the ozone treatments, as a result of the partial conversion of cell walls into cell contents and the increased degradation of the CW Ozone treatments increased the initial rate of in vitro OMD

Process for preparing a supported molybdenum carbide composition

Abstract: A process for preparing a supported molybdenum carbide composition which comprises impregnating a porous support with a solution of molybdic acid dissolved in aqueous ammonium hydroxide, drying the impregnated support and then heating in a carbiding atmosphere at a temperature of about 650°-750° C.

Composition and method for etching copper substrates

Abstract: An alkaline copper etching working bath for dissolving copper containing an etch accelerating additive selected from the group consisting of cyanamide and its precursors. The accelerating additives when added to the alkaline copper etching bath increase the etch rate and reduce undercut. The bath includes cupric ions, an ammonium salt such as a chloride and/or a carbonate, ammonium hydroxide to achieve a pH greater than 7, water, and the etch accelerating additive. The invention includes etching baths, methods for their use, the preparation of a certain etch accelerating additive and the provision of certain cyanamide precursors.

Catalytic composite and process for use

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for treating sour mercaptan-containing petroleum distillates by contacting the distillates at oxidation conditions with a catalytic composite comprising a metal chelate, an alkali metal hydroxide, and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide disposed on an adsorptive support, thereby converting the mercaptan compounds contained in said distillates to disulfides.

Preparation of phosphonium phenoxide salts

Abstract: A tetrahydrocarbylphosphonium phenoxide salt is prepared by reacting a tetrahydrocarbylphosphonium halide salt with an alkali metal or ammonium hydroxide in a liquid reaction medium in the presence of at least an equivalent amount of a phenol. This method of preparation is especially effective where the hydroxide salt of the tetrahydrocarbylphosphonium is unstable. For example, benzyltriphenylphosphonium salt of bisphenol A complexed with bisphenol A is prepared by adding 1 equivalent of sodium hydroxide to a methanol solution containing 1 equivalent of benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and 2 equivalents of bisphenol A at 30° C.

Oxo alcohol synthesis with rhodium catalyst recycle

Abstract: Alcohol may be synthesized from olefinic hydrocarbons by treating the hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a hydroformylation zone using a rhodium complex catalyst to effect the reaction Following formation of the alcohol, the catalyst may be extracted from the alcohol by treatment with an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution The aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution containing the catalyst is then stripped of ammonia by treatment with a stripping agent such as carbon monoxide A major portion of the alcohol is recovered while the remaining portion is used as an extractant to recover the rhodium complex catalyst from the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and thereafter is recycled to the hydroformylation zone

Synthesis of jojobamide and homojojobamide

Abstract: Jojobamide has been synthesized from methyl jojoboate (the transesterification product of jojoba oil and methanol) and concentrated ammonium hydroxide by high temperature treatment of the mixture in a sealed vessel. Homojojobamide has been synthesized by partial hydrolysis of homojojobylnitrile, which was prepared from jojobyl mesylate. The melting points of the amides were found to be relatively high (>75 C) for a mixture of amides.

The Chemical Nature of Aluminum Corrosion: IV. Some Anion Effects on SCC of AA 7075-T651

Abstract: Double bolt loaded double cantilever beam specimens were used. Increasing chloride ion concentration increased the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) plateau growth rate up to about 0.6M, presumably by increasing the activation of the aluminum surface; at high concentrations the cracking was slower, perhaps because of lower solubility of oxygen. No analyses or potential measurements were made inside the crack, but nominal external potential and pH values especially for benzoate and ammonium hydroxide indicated that a large potential drop must be obtained within the crack if a hydrogen mechanism is involved, at least in those solutions. The activity of water in aqueous solutions of various salts did not correlate with the SCC rates, indicating that specific ion effects dominated. The nitrate ion is reduced by 7075 to ammonia, though this is slow in concentrated nitrate solution; perchlorate ion was not observed to be reduced to soluble chloride. In general, the substances which activate the aluminum ...

Process for recovering oligomerization product

Abstract: Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove nickel ylide residue from an oligomerization reaction product obtained by contacting ethylene with a nickel ylide catalyst under oligomerization conditions. The oligomerization reaction product is contacted with ammonium hydroxide to obtain a product composed of two layers, an upper layer containing normal alpha olefins and a lower layer containing nickel ylide residue. The two layers are then separated from each other to recover the desired normal alpha olefins.

Stabilised developer concentrates and developers containing a quaternary alkanol ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: A developer concentrate stabilised against darkening is provided containing a developing agent of the formula: wherein R' is hydroxyalkyl; and each of R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is hydrocarbyl or hydroxyalkyl; characterised in that said concentrate contains from 0.01 to 0.4 moles of anions selected from SO 3 ⊖ , HSO 3 ⊖ and S 2 O 5 ⊖ per mole of said developing agent as the stabilising agent. Preferably, the concentrate is free from metal cations which can be achieved by using a nitrogenous base as the source of cations. Preferably, the developing agent is methyltriethanol ammonium hydroxide. The developer formed from the concentrate is useful for developing exposed lithographic materials containing a light-sensitive quinone diazide layer.

Process for bleaching naturally occurring oils and fats

Abstract: The oil or fat such as palm oil, coconut oil, sal oil, bay tree leaf oil, rice bran oil and tallow, is treated with a polar bleaching agent, for example, hypochlorite, peroxide, peroxoacid, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. The catalyst is preferably cationic and may be a quaternary ammonium compound, for example, tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide, tetra-n-octyl ammonium bromide or di(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride. Oils and fats bleached by this method may be used for soap-making.

Method for recovery and reuse of ammonia in ammonia-base sulfite cooking liquors

Abstract: A method for recovering ammonia from spent ammonia-base sulfite pulping liquor includes steam stripping spent ammonia and condensing the resulting vapor to produce a dilute ammonia or ammonium hydroxide solution. This dilute solution is passed through a cation exchange column to produce an ammonium sulfite-ammonium bisulfite solution which is delivered to a sulfur dioxide absorption tower to thereby produce a concentrated ammonia-base sulfite cooking liquor. The residual liquor from the stripping step and the non-condensable gases are burned as fuel and the waste gases from this burning, which contain a small percentage of sulfur dioxide, are delivered to the absorption tower and subsequently discharged to the atmosphere free of sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

Intramolecular Michael-type additions. II. Synthesis of derivatives of 7-thia-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene, a novel heterocyclic ring system

Abstract: The isothiouronium salt derived from dimethyl 4-chloromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate reacted with ammonium hydroxide to give dimethyl 7-thia-2-aza-1,3-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene-4,8-dicarboxylate, which could be converted back to a dihydropyridine using iodomethane. Replacement of ammonium hydroxide by sodium hydroxide afforded a tetrahydro- and a dihydrothieno[3,4-c]pyridine as by-products. 3,5-Diacetyl-4-chloromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine reacted with thiourea, followed by ammonium hydroxide, to give 3-acetyl-2-methylpyrrole, 4-acetyl- and 4,8-diacetyl-7-thia-2-aza-1,3-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene. The structure and stereochemistry of the novel 7-thia-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes are established using spectroscopic methods. The mechanism of their formation is discussed in terms of Baldwin's rules.

Method of manufacturing a catalytic composite

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a catalytic composite useful in the treatment of sour mercaptan-containing petroleum distillates. More specifically, the method of preparation comprises contacting an adsorptive support with a substituted ammonium hydroxide, drying the resulting composite, thereafter contacting the resulting composite with an alkali metal hydroxide and a metal chelate, the alkali metal hydroxide being in a weight ratio with the adsorptive support of from about 0.1:1 to about 1:1, and thereafter drying the resulting catalytic composite.

Treatment of fluorescent substance emitting light in electric field

Abstract: PURPOSE:To remove the copper sulfide deposited on the surface of the title copper- activated sulfide-type fluorescent substance completely, and to obtain the emission of high brightness, by washing the substance with a non-toxic aqueoue solution containing ammonium hydroxide and an oxidizing agent. CONSTITUTION:A sulfide-type fluorescent substance comprising calcined active copper as an activator, emitting light in an electric fiedl, is washed with an aqueous solution containing ammonium hydroxide and an oxidizing agent, preferably hydrogen peroxide, once to three times. Preferably, the substance is further washed with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal polysulfide to exhibit the emission of higher brightness.

Production of s-(aminoalkyl)thiosulfate salt

Abstract: PURPOSE: The reaction between aminoalkylsulfate salt and ammonium thiosulfate in the presence of an alkaline catalyst enables the simple separation of by-products to give the titled compound used as a raw material of medicines simply and economically in high yield. CONSTITUTION: The objective compound of formula II is obtained by reaction between a compound of formulaI(R 1 , R 2 are H, lower alkyl, phenyl; n is 2W6) and ammonium thiosulfate or metal salt of thiosuluric acid in the presence of an alkaline catalyst such as lithium oxide, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium acetate. A compound of formulaIis, e.g., 2-aminoethylsulfate salt and the salt of thiosulfuric acid is, e.g., ammonium thiosulfate or lithium thiosulfate. The amount of the catalyst 0.001W200mol%, preferably 0.005W150mol%, based on the compound of formulaI. COPYRIGHT: (C)1982,JPO&Japio

Organopolysiloxane resin formed from formic acid and hydrocarbyllsubstituted ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: A process for forming organopolysiloxanes from trialkoxysilanes and the resulting resinous products are disclosed, characterized in that the organopolysiloxane resins have increased abrasion and solvent resistance with good shelf life. The organopolysiloxanes are formed by dual catalysts that operate preferably in sequence. Hydrolysis and condensation of the trialkoxysilanes are carried out in an aqueous solution and catalyzed by formic acid at a relatively high strength, such as an amount greater than 700 ppm. Cross-linking of the resulting partially condensed, curable organopolysiloxane is then catalyzed by a hydrocarbyl substituted ammonium hydroxide in which the hydrocarbyl substituent may be alkyl or alkenyl up to about 6 carbon atoms. The resinous products are especially useful as coating compositions.

Provision of surface layers of copper or copper alloyed with zinc on die castings of zinc or zinc alloys

Abstract: A process for providing surface layers of copper or copper alloyed with zinc on die castings of zinc or zinc alloys comprises a step of immersing the castings in an agitated bath containing an aqueous vehicle, which has been adjusted to a pH of from 8 to 10, and to which cupric oxide has been added as a powder in an amount of approximately from 200 to 250 grams per liter of the agitated bath. Cuprous oxide may be substituted for cupric oxide. At a pH not exceeding 8.5, the surface layer tends to be copper alloyed with zinc. At a pH exceeding 8.5, the surface layer tends to be copper. At a pH of 9, the surface layer of copper tends to be very adherent. The pH is adjusted by addition of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide.

Polymeric substance having swelling tendency

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare a water-insoluble, water-swelling polymeric substance which reversibly absorbs and desorbs water, and useful as an agent for the water-retension, the water and moisture-control in the cultivation of plant, without using a solvent other than water, by polymerizing acrylic acid in the presence of a basic salt of phosphoric acid. CONSTITUTION:A polymeric substance obtained by polymerizing (A) acrylic acid which is preferably reacted with an acrylamide N-monosubstituted compound or an acrylamide N,N-disubstituted compound in the presence of (B) a basic salt of phosphoric acid such as tripotassium phosphate, and if necessary, (C) ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. EFFECT:Flexibility in the composition according to the use. Cation exchanging and coagulation. Stable in water for a long period. USE:Water treatment, heat insulation, etc. A composite material with paper, fiber, etc.

3*77dimethylxanthine tetraalkyl ammonium salt

Abstract: NEW MATERIAL:3,7-Dimethylxanthine tetraalkyl ammonium salts of the formula (R1-R4 are alkyl, furfuryl, aryl, aralkyl). EXAMPLE:3,7-Dimethylxanthine tetraethyl ammonium salt. USE:The intermediates of drugs as an improver for aftereffect of celebral thrombosis. PREPARATION:3,7-Dimethylxanthine is mixed into an aqueous solution of tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide that is prepared by a usual method to effect the reaction, thus giving the objective compound of the formula. Additionally, the reaction of the resulting compound with 5-oxohexyl halide gives 1-(5'-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethyl- xanthine used for the improver of aftereffect of celebral thrombosis in much higher yield than in the conventional methods.

Process for treating anion exchange resins

Abstract: Process for treating anion exchange resins containing a major portion of weak-base groups in catalytically inactive salt form and a minor portion of strong-base groups in catalytically inactive salt form wherein the resin is contacted with an aqueous solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.

Material with swelling potential

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a material with highly swelling capability, by adding to acrylic acid an alkaline compound (salt) and then carrying out polymerization. CONSTITUTION:A salt which exhibits alkalinity and is selected from metal(I-III) salts, ammonium salts, organic amine salts, hydroxides, etc., is added to acrylic acid to which an acrylamide N-mono substitute or an acrylamide N.N-disubstitute has been made to react in advance, followed by carrying out polymerization in an aqueous medium in the presence of a catalyst, and then neutralizing the resulting system using an alkaline substance selected from alkaline metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, organic amines, etc.

Metal content of rat liver cell organelles.

Abstract: Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were determined by means of atomic absorption techniques in tetramethylammonium hydroxide digests of cell organelles isolated from normal rat liver tissue. The metal content of the cell organelles was expressed with reference to their protein content. The results showed that digestion with tetramethy la ammonium hydroxide can be applied for the determination of metal to protein ratios in the cell organelles and that these ratios appear to be suitable for the characterization of cell organelles.

Production of dihydroperoxide

Abstract: PURPOSE:In the oxidation reaction of diisopropylbenzene in a basic aqueous solution, ammonic or ammonium salt is added to the oxidation reaction system to produce dihydroperoxide corresponding to an intermediate of dihydroxybenzene such as resorcine in a short time in high yield. CONSTITUTION:The oxidation of diisopropylbenzene with air or a gas containing oxygen is effected in emulsion form in the presence of at least one selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate and together with water to produce diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide wherein at least one selected from ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate is supplied to the oxidation reaction system to shorten the reaction time and increases the yield. The amount of ammonia or ammonium salt employed is preferably 10-1,000ppm per hour based on the oil layer as NH3.

Vinyl chloride prodn. from 1,2-di:chloro-ethane - by contact with aq. alkali contg. phase-transfer catalyst

Abstract: Prodn. of vinyl chloride (I) is carried out by introducing 1,2-dichloroethane (II) into an aq. alkali metal hydroxide soln. contg. 0.1-30 wt.% of a phase-transfer catalyst at 15-80 deg.C The alkali metal hydroxide (III) is pref. used as a 1-50% aq. soln. contg. 1-20 wt.% of the catalyst. The (II):(III) molar ratio is pref. 1;1.1-20. The reaction temp. is pref. 25-50 deg.C. The catalyst is suitably a quat. ammonium hydroxide or halide. The catalyst greatly accelerates the formation of (I), which can be obtained in high yields (e.g. more than 90%).