Showing papers on "Antiinfective agent published in 2003"

Red book®: 2003 report of the committee on infectious diseases.

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An inhalation system for prevention and treatment of intracellular infections

Abstract: An inhalation system comprising an antiinfective agent in particle form, the antiinfective agent being directed toward prevention and treatment of intracellular infection, and an inhalation device, and a method of use of the system.

Bioavailability of gatifloxacin by gastric tube administration with and without concomitant enteral feeding in critically ill patients.

Abstract: ObjectiveSequential intravenous-to-oral antimicrobial therapy with highly bioavailable antiinfective agents such as the fluoroquinolones may improve patient safety and decrease cost of infection management. However, physiologic changes associated with critical illness may alter drug absorption, dist

Physical and chemical effects on viability of the Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxon.

Abstract: Various chemical and physical methods for destroying the triactinomyxon (TAM) stage of the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis were tested. The fluorescent stains propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate were used as indicators of viability. Physical variables tested included freezing, drying, high temperature, sonication, and pressure of 6.2 × 10 7 Pa (9000 psi). Chemicals evaluated included chlorine bleach, povidone-iodine, and hydrogen peroxide. Freezing or drying for 1h was effective in killing TAMs, but pressure was not. Temperatures above 75°C for at least 5 min were also effective. Sonication with a laboratory instrument cleaner for 10 to 13 min killed and rup- tured TAMs, resulting in <1.9% recovery. However, among the surviving TAMs, 39 to 58% were still viable. Chlorine concentrations of 130 ppm for 10 min were also effective at temperatures ranging from ice-water to room temperature and total hardness ranging from 10 to 500 mg l -1 . Lethal concen- trations of hydrogen peroxide and povidone-iodine (10% solution) were quite high: 10% for 10 min, and 50% (5000 ppm active iodine) for 60 min, respectively. The stain results indicating TAM death were verified in 2 tests in which rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to TAMs that had been either frozen for 1 h or treated with 66 ppm chlorine as sodium hypochlorite for 1 min. None of the fish exposed to the treated TAMs became infected. These results should provide disinfection guidelines to prevent transfer of M. cerebralis TAMs to uninfected areas and provide information on the risks of parasite transfer under various treatment scenarios.

Structure-activity relationships of quinolones

Abstract: The first of the antiinfective agents belonging to the quinolone class was discovered 50 years ago. Since that time many thousands of analogs have been prepared and nearly two dozen examples have found clinical use. New agents are still being introduced at a significant pace and research continues to be intensive in this area. With the passage of time and the accretion of more and more evidence, a deeper understanding of how these agents work and the structural characteristics required for significant activity and freedom from toxicity has been achieved. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary view of the present state of the art. It is important, however, to bear in mind that several surprises have upset our confidence in the generality of conventional wisdom. This has occurred already several times in this therapeutic area and constitutes a warning against uncritical reliance on overinterpreted or generalized beliefs.

Infectomic Analysis of Microbial Infections Using Proteomics

Abstract: Infectious diseases caused by various microbial pathogens have held considerable importance for medicine, being a major cause of deaths and disabilities throughout the world despite the availability of effective antimicrobial agents and vaccines over the last 50 years (1,2). The continual emergence of previously undescribed new infectious diseases and the reemergence of old pathogens will certainly heighten the global impact of infectious diseases in the 21st century. Another significant problem in medicine is the development of microbial resistance to antimicrobial drugs, owing to the widespread and often inappropriate use of these antimicrobials. As clinical practice exhibits a trend toward greater use of invasive interventions and with patients living longer, there is a continually growing proportion of older and immunocompromised patients. These groups are predisposed to opportunistic infections caused by nonpathogenic microbes such as yeast. In addition, how to deal with and prevent bioterrorism is becoming a very serious issue in the 21st century. The development of new antiinfective agents against various microbial pathogens and in favor of the host defense has emerged as an urgent issue in modern medicine. The combination of new (e.g., genomics, proteomics, glycomics, and bioinformatics) and traditional approaches [e.g., cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene knockout and knockin, antisense] will lead to a solution for the challenges we are facing today (3).

Antibacterial Agents, Overview

Abstract: Antibacterial agents are synthetic compounds that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. They exhibit selective toxicity to bacterial cells either because they inhibit a biochemical target present solely in bacteria or because they exhibit greater affinity for the bacterial target than the mammalian counterpart. Antibacterial agents are used in the treatment and/or prevention of infections due to pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals. The search for synthetic antiinfective agents began in the early 1900s with Paul Ehrlich's pioneering research on organoarsenicals. Currently, five classes of synthetic antibacterial agents are marketed for therapeutic use: the antitubercular agents, nitrofurans, oxazolidinones, quinolones, and the sulfonamides and combinations. Taken as a whole, drugs from these classes are used to treat a broad range of bacterial diseases, including tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emergence of resistance has limited the usefulness of the antitubercular agents and sulfonamides as sole therapy. The nitrofurans and the oxazolidinones have found their own niches, principally in the treatment of urinary tract infections and serious gram-positive infections, respectively. The quinolones, by virtue of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, oral bioavailability, good tissue distribution, and well-understood safety profile, retain a prominent position in the armamentarium of antibacterial drugs. Keywords: antibacterial agents; antitubercular agents; nitrofurans; oxazolidinones; quinolones; sulfonamides; 2,4-diaminopyrimidines