Showing papers on "Autonomic nervous system published in 1971"
Book•
02 Feb 1971
TL;DR: The autonomic nervous system and the vascular receptors, the response to hypoxia, and the circulatory response to exercise are studied.
Abstract: Preface 1. The heart 2. The arteries 3. The veins 4. The capillaries 5. The blood 6. the transport of the respiratory gases within the body 7. The autonomic nervous system and the vascular receptors 8. The control of the heart 9. The response to hypoxia 10. The circulatory response to exercise 11. Future developments References Index.
161 citations
TL;DR: The integrity of the autonomic nervous system was assessed in Parkinsonian patients with symptoms suggestive of autonomic dysfunction, and the low resting blood pressure and the supersensitivity to intravenously infused L-noradrenaline in the three patients in whom it was tested is taken to imply defective regulation from higher centres.
Abstract: The integrity of the autonomic nervous system was assessed in 11 Parkinsonian patients with symptoms suggestive of autonomic dysfunction. Three had the additional clinical features of the Shy-Drager variant of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and were found to have a gross disturbance of vasomotor, sudomotor, pilomotor, and bladder function; assessment indicated that a lesion was present at sympathetic ganglionic level or beyond in two cases, though a more centrally placed lesion may well have been present also, as in the third case. In the remaining eight patients with paralysis agitans no unequivocal functional disturbance was found except in the bladder; nevertheless, the low resting blood pressure and the supersensitivity to intravenously infused L-noradrenaline in the three patients in whom it was tested is taken to imply defective regulation from higher centres, with a consequent reduction in impulse traffic at sympathetic nerve terminals. Such a concept is supported by experimental studies in animals and would account for the low renin and aldosterone secretion rates and reduced noradrenaline formation reported by others in patients with paralysis agitans.
123 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that a pull mechanism is involved in the acceleration of liver-glycogen synthesis on vagal stimulation, and that the conversion of UDPG to glycogen is the step which is stimulated.
85 citations
TL;DR: This finding suggests that the efferent limb of the antinatriuretic response to thoracic vena cava constriction involves sympathetic efferent pathways, either by an intrarenal effect of circulatory catecholamines or by controlling the release of an extrarenal factor influencing sodium reabsorption.
Abstract: Study of the differential characteristics of hepatic congestion and decreased cardiac output in terms of potential afferent stimuli in the antinatriuretic effect of acute thoracic inferior vena cava (TIVC) constriction. An attempt is made to see if the autonomic nervous system is involved in the antinatriuretic effect of acute TIVC or thoracic superior vena cava constriction.
61 citations
57 citations
TL;DR: It can be concluded that whatever the effects of mirth on various areas of the cardiovascular system, on respiratory behavoir, and on autonomic nervous system function, this important and wide-spread emotional experience does not cause significant alterations in the level of circulating oxygen.
Abstract: Considering the findings of this study, it can be concluded that whatever the effects of mirth on various areas of the cardiovascular system, on respiratory behavoir, and on autonomic nervous system function, this important and wide-spread emotional experience does not cause significant alterations in the level of circulating oxygen.
42 citations
33 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Findings seems to indicate that peristaltic disturbances of the megaesophagus and megacolon are partially due to some change in the synthesis and in the liberation of biogenous amines from the nervous plexus of those organs.
Abstract: Light and electron microscope studies of lesions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in experimental Chagas' disease showed them to display irregular and unpredictable distribution, severely injured ganglia being found side by side slightly degenerated or even morphologically normal ones. The lesions were seen to present the following characteristics: 1. parasitism of the capsular fibroblasts and of the Schwann and satellite cells; 2. vacuole formation, in the host cells, induced by the presence of living parasite, no changes in the neighbouring tissue being observed; 3. acute focal inflammation (periganglionitis and ganglionitis) resulting from parasite of host cell degeneration and affecting the neighbouring structures (neurons and nerve fibers); 4. eventual organ denervation (already evidenced by optical microscopy) directly or indirectly triggered by multiple pathogenetic mechanism, no electivity of the Trypanosoma cruzi for the autonomic nervous system having been observed.
33 citations
TL;DR: The results of these preliminary studies show that disruption of neural connections between brain and spinal cord and dissociation of the normally integrated function of the autonomic nervous system, modify many neurohormonal responses to stimulation.
32 citations
TL;DR: It was found that normal pupillary reactions are modified in children who have recurrent abdominal pain without physical cause and also in children with behaviour problems, suggesting disturbances of autonomic function merit further investigation in psychosomatic and emotional disorders.
Abstract: An investigation was carried out with 3 groups of children to compare pupillary reactions (as an index of autonomic function) in response to stress induced by the cold pressor test It was found that normal pupillary reactions are modified in children who have recurrent abdominal pain without physical cause and also in children with behaviour problems It is suggested that disturbances of autonomic function merit further investigation in psychosomatic and emotional disorders, both as a method of diagnosis and to help elucidate the underlying mechanisms whereby symptoms may be produced
30 citations
TL;DR: The results suggested that neither autonomic nervous system compounds or the adenylcyclase system directly affect IRG release, and the physiolugical significance of the direct inhibitory effect of substances with alpha adrenergic properties on IRI release is questioned.
Abstract: Isolated rat islets of Langerhans were used to study the direct effect of autonomic nervous system compounds on immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) release. None of the substances affected IRG release. Epinephrine (10μ.M) and norepinephrine (10μM) blocked IRI release in response to 150 mg./100 ml. glucose but did not block the effect of 300 mg./100 ml. glucose. Acetylcholine (3 μM) stimulated IRI release but isoproterenol had no effect. Because the adenylcyclase system may play a role in adrenergic receptor mechanisms, the effects of substances which alter cellular levels of cyclic AMP were also studied. Again, none of the compounds altered IRG levels in the incubation media. Aminophylline (100 μM) stimulated IRI release but dibutyryl cyclic AMP and prostaglandin Ex were without significant effect. The results suggested that neither autonomc nervous sys tem compounds or the adenylcyclase system directly affect IRG release. The physiolugical significance of the direct inhibitory effect of substances with alpha adrenergic properties on IRI release is questioned in view of the very high concentration required for effect.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that contraction of pulmonary visceral muscle may increase pulmonary vascular resistance, and two stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system are proposed.
TL;DR: It is shown that some patients with autonomic denervation are unable to adjust their respiratory system in response to hypoxia, and changes in ventilation in the group of patients as a whole were significantly less than in the control subjects.
Abstract: Nine patients with tabes dorsalis and one patient with diabetic autonomic neuropathy were subjected to hypoxia to test the integrity of their carotid chemoreceptors. Ventilation and pulse rate changes were monitored and compared with those of a group of normal subjects of comparable age and sex. Four patients had a completely negative response to hypoxia, and the changes in ventilation in the group of patients as a whole were significantly less than in the control subjects. The results indicate that some patients with autonomic denervation are unable to adjust their respiratory system in response to hypoxia.
TL;DR: There is no convincing evidence that function of the autonomic nervous system is necessary for the normal regulation of the cerebral circulation, and it is indicated that there is also an effect on cerebral regulatory arterioles.
Abstract: Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by an autoradiographic method in nine adult cats, using antipyrine-14C as a diffusible indicator In seven of the cats, CBF measurements were made during stimulation of a cervical sympathetic trunk Stimulation caused minor regional decreases of CBF in at least five of these seven cats The decreases were non-uniform and occurred almost exclusively in cortical structures Although constriction of cervical arteries probably accounts for some of the effects of sympathetic stimulation, the present study indicates that there is also an effect on cerebral regulatory arterioles However, there is no convincing evidence that function of the autonomic nervous system is necessary for the normal regulation of the cerebral circulation
TL;DR: Stroke volume was found to be dependent not only on the initial fiber length but also on the sympathetic innervation, as demonstrated by the increase in end-systolic diameter following beta-adrenergic blockage.
Abstract: In eight conscious dogs, effects of beta-adrenergic, vagal, and combined beta-adrenergic and vagal blockage on left ventricular internal diameter, pressure, and outflow were measured at rest and during acute volume loading. At rest, beta-adrenergic blockage resulted in a decrease in heart rate with no change in stroke volume but increased end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, whereas vagal blockage resulted in an elevated heart rate with reductions in stroke volume, end-diastolic, and end-systolic diameters. Combined blockage, at rest, was associated with elevations in heart rate, diminished stroke volume, and increases in end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters. During acute volume loading, beta-adrenergic blockage reduced peak heart rate and stroke volume, and elevated end-systolic diameter, whereas vagal blockage, despite an elevated heart rate, did not alter peak stroke volume and reduced end-diastolic diameter. The response to acute volume loading in combined blockage was characterized by reduction in peak stroke volume and end-diastolic diameter. Stroke volume was found to be dependent not only on the initial fiber length but also on the sympathetic innervation. This was demonstrated by the increase in end-systolic diameter following beta-adrenergic blockage.
TL;DR: During a graded submaximal exercise the heart rate, cardiac output, mean systolic ejection rate, and blood pressure were significantly lower than during a control exercise before the blockade.
Abstract: Autonomic blockade of the heart was achieved in healthy young males. During a graded submaximal exercise the heart rate, cardiac output, mean systolic ejection rate, and blood pressure were significantly lower than during a control exercise before the blockade. Most subjects felt the work more tiring during the blockade but no one had any difficulty in completing it.
TL;DR: In a patient with acquired dysautonomia respiratory as well as circulatory control mechanisms were abnormal and in response to breathing of 10 per cent oxygen in nitrogen there was no respiratory drive, and at the same time the arterial-blood pressure fell, indicating the absence or failure of peripheral chemoreceptor function.
Abstract: In a patient with acquired dysautonomia respiratory as well as circulatory control mechanisms were abnormal. In response to breathing of 10 per cent oxygen in nitrogen there was no respiratory drive, and at the same time the arterial-blood pressure fell, indicating the absence or failure of peripheral chemoreceptor function. Abnormal blood-pressure responses to tilting and Valsalva maneuvers showed a lack of sympathetic vasoconstriction, whereas the pupillary and cardiac responses to methacholine and atropine indicated parasympathetic nervous-system impairment. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was weak — a fact that may or may not mean central chemoreceptor involvement. The normal rapid breathing response at the onset of exercise developed in spite of the lack of sympathetic nervous and peripheral chemoreceptor functions.
TL;DR: Hippocampal stimulation did evoke weak autonomic changes as part of an arousal reaction to which however the animals became quickly habituated, and the possibility that the hippocampus exerts a modulating influence on autonomic reflexes was investigated.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that much of the variability in response to drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system is determined by physiological factors and that these are genetically influenced.
Abstract: 1. Pupillary responses to locally applied phenylephrine and cardiac responses to intravenous hyoscine N -butylbromide have been studied in ten pairs each of healthy monovular and binovular twins aged between 24 and 60 years.
2. Under identical lighting conditions resting pupil diameters differed widely among individuals, being greater in female subjects and in those with larger irides and smaller with increasing age.
3. Monovular twins, but not binovular twins, showed significant concordance in iris diameter, initial pupil diameter, initial heart rate and responses to both drugs. The results suggest that these responses were dependent on the concordance of peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic tone within each twin pair.
4. It is concluded that much of the variability in response to drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system is determined by physiological factors and that these are genetically influenced.
TL;DR: In intact rabbits from birth to maturity, the rise of arterial pressure on intravenous injection of hypertensin, adrenaline and vasopressin was used as an index of cardiovascular sensitivity and observations are consistent with the view that the autonomic nervous system is not fully developed in the newborn rabbit.
Abstract: In intact rabbits from birth to maturity, the rise of arterial pressure on intravenous injection of hypertensin, adrenaline and vasopressin (doses calculated per kg body weight) was used as an index of cardiovascular sensitivity. On this basis, sensitivity to hypertensin fluctuated with age but was similar at birth and in adults; in contrast, sensitivity to adrenaline and vasopressin decreased progressively with age.
The ganglion and adrenal medullary blocking agent presidal caused a progressively greater increase in sensitivity to injected hypertensin in older than in younger rabbits. Baroreceptor nerve section caused proportionately similar increases in sensitivity at all ages.
Acute nephrectomy caused a fall of 54 per cent in resting arterial blood pressure in newborn rabbits, but only 16 per cent in adults; this contrasted with falls of 1 per cent and 10 per cent respectively in dummy operations.
These observations are consistent with the view that the autonomic nervous system is not fully developed in the newborn rabbit. At this age the renin-angiotensin system appears to be of relatively greater importance than in the adult.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was found that the saluresis brought on by administration of chlorothiazide in the dog resulted within 15 min in an increased secretion of renin even when urinary loss of water and salt was replaced, and whether this effect was under the influence of the autonomic nervous system.
Abstract: Since the isolation of angiotensin from dog plasma 30 years ago, investigators have devoted considerable effort to elucidating the mechanism of regulation of renin secretion. Initially, attention was directed at the role of renal arterial pressure, or pulse pressure as the regulating factor. However, more recent studies, using a refined technique for measuring renin activity, demonstrate that renin secretion can vary quite independently of arterial (1) or pulse pressure changes (2). A number of reports appear to stress the role of the autonomic nervous system (1, 3-5), body sodium or volume changes (6, 7), and intrarenal mechanisms unrelated to blood pressure changes. Because of their anatomical and functional relation to the renin secreting cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa cells of the distal tubule have been considered to be involved in the intrarenal regulation of renin secretion (8-11). The sodium concentration of the tubular fluid or sodium reabsorption at this site may in some way affect renin release. Part I of the present study was designed to examine the role of this intrarenal mechanism, namely, to see the effect of changing distal sodium reabsorption on renin secretion. It was found that the saluresis brought on by administration of chlorothiazide in the dog resulted within 15 min in an increased secretion of renin even when urinary loss of water and salt was replaced. Part II therefore was undertaken to see whether this same effect of chlorothiazide obtained in man and whether this effect was under the influence of the autonomic nervous system. The effect of the diuretic on peripheral renin activity was measured before and after neuronal depletion of catecholamines induced by chronic reserpine administration. Part I. Methods. This study was carried out in 10 mongrel dogs, weighing between 10 and 15 kg.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, chronic adaptational disturbances were observed from the standpoint of the autonomic nervous system which constitutes the constitutional condition of the human body, and analyzed by the biological binary digit.
Abstract: Chronic adaptational disturbances were observed from the standpoint of the autonomic nervous system which constitutes the constitutional condition of the human body, and analyzed by the biological binary digit. In hosts with parasympathicotonia, long-term stimulation by the first-phase factor (the factor raising mitosis of the neutropoietic system in the bone marrow) brings about an abnormal antibody-antigen reaction and its terminal picture appears as an abnormal antibody disease (collagen disease in a broader sense). On the contrary, in hosts with sympathicotonia, long-term stimulation by the second-phase factor (the factor lowering mitosis of the neutropoietic system in the bone marrow) brings about an abnormal cell-stimulant factor reaction and its terminal picture can be recognized as an abnormal cell disease (neoplasm in a broader sense). Therefore, neoplasm and collagen disease are in antagonisitic relation in their etiology and pathogenesis.