Showing papers on "BALB/c published in 1969"

Antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) Plaque Assay. Primary Response of Balb/c Mice to Soluble and Particulate Immunogen

Abstract: SummaryA technique was developed for the detection of individual cells producing anti-TNP antibody by the hemolytic plaque technique. Conjugation of TNP directly to the erythrocyte surface by use of TNBS resulted in a stable reagent that permitted a study of the antihapten response to TNP-KLH. It was possible to induce a primary anti-TNP response with soluble TNP-KLH but the response was greater when the immunogen was made particulate by coating it onto bentonite. Both primary and secondary responding cells (those brought out by antiglobulin serum) were inhibited by TNP-BSA added to the plating medium but at an equivalent concentration of hapten only the secondary cells were completely inhibited. This was interpreted to indicate the higher binding affinity of secondary antibody.Author's note. As we were in process of submitting this manuscript, we became aware of an abstract which indicated that responses of similar magnitude to those reported here with TNP could be obtained in Balb/c mice to DNP using a ...

Induction of Plasma Cell Tumours in BALB/c Mice with 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane (Pristane)

Abstract: THE induction of monoclonal, plasma cell tumours which produce immunoglobulin in the inbred BALB/c strain of mice is a unique form of carcinogenesis1,2. Mouse plasma cell tumours have been produced by intraperitoneal implantation of solid materials, such as plastic diffusion chambers, polymethylmethacrylate plastic shavings3,4 and circular disks4, and by intraperitoneal injection of various high and low viscosity white mineral oils1,2,5. White mineral oils comprise a poorly defined mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, including normal and iso-paraffins, and naphthenes6, and such oils contain many hundreds of different molecular species (C. Steenbergen, personal communication). Because of the chemical heterogeneity of the oils used, it has been impossible to identify or trace the particular chemical species involved in plasma cell tumour induction. Since the discovery that the immunoglobulin products of some human Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemias7, multiple myelomas8 and some mouse plasma cell tumours2,9,10 exhibit antibody activity, it has become important to elucidate more fully the factors involved in the carcinogenesis of the murine plasma cell tumours.

Studies on the induction of immunologic unresponsiveness. 3. Antigen form and mouse strain variation.

Abstract: Summary The variation in the dose of ultracentrifuged human γ globulin (HGG) needed to produce an unresponsive state in different strains of inbred mice was shown to be the result of differences in the efficiency with which these strains process the trace amount of aggregated material remaining. Although mice from both C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains remove the aggregated material from the vascular fluids following injection of HGG, the BALB/cJ mice appear to process this material efficiently, and an immune response rather than an unresponsive state results. Conversely, C57BL/6J mice appear to process the aggregated material inefficiently, thus permitting the induction of unresponsiveness to the non-aggregated (tolerogenic) material. When the trace amount of aggregates was removed by salt fractionation, mice from both strains became unresponsive to small doses of HGG. The tolerogenic, deaggregated HGG was rendered immunogenic by chemical aggregation. The dose of HGG to which mice become unresponsive appears to be controlled by a genetic mechanism involving more than one gene. C57BL/6J mice readily became unresponsive following injections of deaggregated γG isolated from normal rabbit serum, but made an antibody response to γG (ALG) isolated from the sera of rabbits immunized with mouse thymus cells. Mice made unresponsive to deaggregated RγG did not lose their unresponsive state following injection of ALG. Within the limits of the test system that was used, no low-dose unresponsive state was observed in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice injected with ultracentrifuged HGG.

Exogenous interferon and inducers of interferon in the treatment Balb-c mice inoculated with RC19 tumour cells.

Abstract: WE reported previously that interferon treatment increased the survival of Balb/c and C57 Bl/6 mice inoculated with RC19 and EL4 tumour cells1,2. Levy, Law and Kabson3, and Zeleznick and Bhuyan4, have observed a similar increase in survival time of tumour inoculated mice treated with an inducer of endogenous interferon, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I . poly C)5. In previous studies it was found that exogenous interferon proved more effective than interferon inducers in the treatment of mice preinfected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus6. We report here the results of similar experiments comparing the effect of these two forms of therapy in Balb/c mice inoculated with RC19 tumour cells.

Inhibition of cellular immune reactions in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus.

Abstract: CERTAIN viral infections affect the immune response of the host to heterogenous antigens. Murine leukaemia viruses, such as Moloney, Friend, Rauscher and Gross passage A virus, inhibit antibody formation1–4. In addition, the passage A virus depresses cellular immunity5. On the other hand, lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) enhances humoral antibody formation in mice and prevents the development of immunological tolerance to human gamma globulin6,7. The work described here was undertaken to determine the effect of LDV on two cellular immune reactions—skin allograft rejection and the graft-versus-host reaction8.

Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Enzymes of Cryptorchid Mouse Testes of Balb/c Mice

Abstract: Treatment of cryptorchid male mice of the BALB/c strain with estrogens leads to a marked reduction in 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase and 17β-hydroxysteroid (testosterone) dehydrogenase activities of the testes. This effect is directly on the interstitial cells. While these enzymes are microsomal, so closely related a group of microsomal enzymes as the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are not reduced; neither is microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, which requires the same coenzyme. The effect appears not to be due to direct inhibition of the enzymes by the estrogen or its metabolites. The estrogen does not accelerate destruction of the coenzyme. The most probable mechanism seems to be an interference with synthesis of these enzymes. (Endocrinology 85: 96, 1969)

Prolonged adjuvant stimulation in germ-free BALB-c mice: development of plasma cell neoplasia.

Abstract: BALB/c mice develop a high incidence (60–80 per cent) of plasma cell tumour (PCT) following the introduction of mineral oil (MO) into the peritoneal cavity. Germ-free (GF) mice have a less developed lymphoreticular system, including a decreased number of plasma cells, than their conventional (CONV) counterparts. When GF BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with mineral oil they failed to develop the expected incidence of PCT. Only two of thirty-three GF mice (6 per cent) developed PCT, while twenty-four of thirty-one ex-GF (77 per cent) and twenty-eight of forty CONV BALB/c (70 per cent) developed PCT. The ex-GF and CONV mice had average times for PCT diagnosis of 11.3 and 11.5 months, but both GF tumours were discovered 18 months after mineral oil injection. Three groups of GF mice received three different sterile protein antigens along with MO and no PCT developed in these mice; in the GF group receiving MO alone, both PCT arose. The GF mice in this experiment did develop a high incidence (80 per cent) of lymphoreticular neoplasms of a type more primitive than PCT. This experiment suggests the importance of microbial flora in the development and differentiation of the plasma cells which respond to a carcinogenic stimulus in a genetically susceptible host.

Estimates of the number of loci contributing to the histoincompatibility between C57BL-6 and BALB-c strains of mice.

Abstract: The number of histocompatibility loci at which the inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy, differ was estimated in three independent experiments. The first experiment was based on survival of parental inbred strain grafts on F2 hosts and provided an estimate of at least 17 loci; the second was based on survival of grafts exchanged between sibs of partially inbred lines and provided an estimate of 28 loci; and the third was based on survival of skin from fifth generation backcross mice grafted on parental strain hosts and provided an estimate of 29 loci.

COMPARISON OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS OF NZB AND NZB x NZW F1 HYBRID MICE WITH THAT OF OTHER STRAINS OF MICE

Abstract: The immune responsiveness of (NZB x NZW) F1 hybrid mice (NZB/W) has been compared with that of three other strains of mice, A/J, BALB/c, and CBA/J. The antigens used included sheep red blood cells (SRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human γ-globulin (HGG). It was found that important strain differences existed in the amount of antibody produced, but the relative immune responsiveness depended very much upon the nature of antigen. By comparison with the other strains tested, NZB/W mice had a higher antibody production to some antigens (SRBC and BSA) but were low responders to others (KLH). Induction of unresponsiveness to HGG by treatment with ultracentrifuged HGG was studied in the strains cited above. NZB/W mice became tolerant after injection of HGG ultracentrifuged at 100,000 g for 2 hr. Similar experiments carried out with another preparation of HGG (centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30 min) failed to reveal any abnormal behavior of NZB/W mice as compared to BALB/c or A/J mice. These results do not support the concept that NZB/W mice possess a general immune hyperreactivity or a relative inability to be made tolerant to protein antigens. However, they do not rule out the possibility that these mice have a genetically determined hyperresponsiveness to some antigens, in particular to nuclear antigens.

On mouse strain differences in radiation resistance: hematopoietic death and the endogenous colony-forming unit.

Abstract: Nine inbred strains of mice have been studied in order to determine whether significant genetic influence is exerted on the radiosensitivity of the endogenous colony-forming unit (CFU), and whether...

Murine virus leukaemogenesis: relationship between susceptibility and immunodepression.

Abstract: PREVIOUS studies have demonstrated that infection of BALB/c mice with a murine leukaemia virus such as Friend disease virus (FDV) before challenge immunization results in a profound depression of both the primary and secondary immune response1–8. The degree of immunological deficiency was directly related to the time interval between infection and immunization.

Induction of lymphatic leukaemia in balb/c mice from the original isolate of rauscher virus.

Abstract: Induction of lymphatic leukaemia in BALB/c mice from the original isolate of Rauscher virus.

Delayed-type Hypersensitivity in Mice after Skin and Tumour Allografts and Tumour Isografts

Abstract: ALLOGRAFT rejection is usually grouped with delayed hypersensitivity, acquired cellular resistance to infection and some types of auto-immune disease as a form of cell-mediated immunity, implying that all these phenomena may share a common immunological mechanism. The rejection of skin allografts is generally accompanied by the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to graft antigens. Reactions having the time-course and macroscopic and microscopic features of skin reactions in delayed-type hypersensitivity have been elicited by injecting donor antigen (in the form of lymphoid cells or extracts thereof) into sensitized humans, guinea-pigs, hamsters, dogs and rats1–3. Similar reactions could not be elicited in mice1. Here we describe the induction of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the footpads of mice. Because resistance to isografts of chemically induced tumours in mice may also be a form of cell mediated immunity4, we have also tested whether similar reactions can be elicited after tumour isografting in mice.

Inbred Mice in Research

Abstract: Very few inbred strains of mice are used in cancer and immunological research. Should there be more ?

A histological and immunological study of the effect of rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum in BALB-c mice.

Abstract: The effect of i.p. administration of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) has been studied in BALB/c mice. The serum was given at different times before, with, and/or after sheep red blood cells. The results indicate that: (1) ALS acts on circulating lymphocytes more rapidly than on those of lymph nodes; (2) ALS acts primarily on lymphocytes of the paracortical areas; (3) ALS depresses bone marrow lymphocytes and not myeloid cells; (4) ALS markedly depresses immune responses to sheep red blood cells only if given prior to the antigen; and (5) recovery of immunosuppression occurs with time. It appears from these observations that ALS affects primarily the thymus-derived cells located in the paracortical areas of lymph nodes and exerts its immunosuppressive effects via the antigen-sensitive cells.

Attempts to produce in vitro the reaction of immunologically competent cells of C57BL/6 origin to Balb/c embryo fibroblasts

Abstract: Spleen or lymph node cells of C57BL/6 origin or both were mixed with subcellular material from Balb/c tissue for several hours at 37°C. The subcellular material was then washed out (by repeated centrifugation) with PBS and the immune cells were placed either in diffusion chambers in the peritoneal cavity of Swiss mice or in Petri dishes with C57BL/6 embryo cell monolayer (feeder layer) and incubated in a thermostat at an atmosphere of 5% CO2. After 4 to 5 days these cells were added to target Balb/c embryo cells in Petri dishes. The first control was done by sensitiziing the cells with syngeneic material, the second control by adding the immune cells to syngeneic target embryo cells. The sensitized cells mixed with allogeneic embryo cells produced a positive reaction in the form of agglutination around the target cells and destruction of these cells. In controls the immune cells were seldom found and were randomly distributed.

Studies on the infectivity of rat virus (RV) in BALB-c mice.

Abstract: SummaryRat virus has been shown to be infective for BALB/c mice after intracerebral inoculation of newborn animals. Infective virus was recovered from either brain or pooled liver and kidney tissue, with maximal titers of >6 logs being present in the brain 6-8 days after infection. Mice infected with large amounts of RV showed a high incidence of overt disease which took the form of either (a) an acute fatal syndrome occurring 4-8 days after inoculation, or (b) marked dwarfism in survivors. Other survivors remained free of symptomology, but reacted to secondary challenge in a manner suggesting they might carry an inapparent infection. The significance of these findings is discussed.

The correlation between plasma cell tumor development and antibody response in inbred strains of mice.

Abstract: SummaryThe antibody response to bovine serum albumin and the development of hyperglobulinemia following administration of intraperitoneal mineral oil separated BALB/c and A-mice from DBA, C57B1, and C3H mice. BALB/c mice developed many plasma cell tumors following intraperitoneal mineral oil injections. The A-mice developed 1/10 tumors but the peritoneal contents showed extensive phagocytosis of tumor cells. This phenomenon is observed in BALB/c mice only when tumor development is inhibited by administration of glycoprotein pituitary hormones. A hypothesis is developed to explain these observations.

Strain Differences in the Liver Autoantibody Response of Inbred Mice

Abstract: SummaryAutoimmune responses to liver damage by CCl4 were induced in mice of three inbred strains, and tested for by complement fixation with liver homogenate. In 1-month-old mice, but not in adults, large strain differences were found: NZB having the highest titers, Balb c intermediate, and C57B1 the lowest; NZB mice also developed more immunofluorescent staining of the kidneys after CCl4. These results may have some bearing on the pathogenesis of the spontaneous autoimmune lesions in the NZB strain.

Naturally occurring haemagglutinins in the New Zealand black mouse

Abstract: A study was made of naturally occurring haemagglutinins to sheep erythrocytes in various species of mice including the NZB/BL. At 2 months of age the NZB mouse appeared to have a significantly greater titre than C57BL, and C3H and A/Jax strains. Titres were not significantly higher than those found in BALB/c and DBA strains. At 12 months this difference was less marked when compared to White Swiss mice.