Showing papers on "Body water published in 1969"

Infantile Malnutrition: Changes in Body Composition During Rehabilitation

Abstract: Extract: Total body water (TBW), intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) spaces, muscle mass and supporting tissue were measured in nine malnourished infants, 5–30 months of age, shortly after hospitalization, and then following 4–9 months of rehabilation. Initially all infants had server growth deficits, heights age being 4–64% (average 40%) and weight age 0–40% (average 15.6%) of chronologic age TBW ranged from 63.5 to 89.3% of body weight and ECW ranged from 38.6 to 50.6% of TBW, suggesting marked losses of cell mass and body fat with conservation of supporting tissues. Excretory levels of creatinine and hydroxproline ranged from 31 to 86 mg/24 h and from 10.3 to 28.5 mg/24 h, respectively. During rehabilitation all patients exhibited accelerated growth, height age becoming 28.6–69.1% (averange 58.8%) of chronologic age; most of the children become moderately obese. With the exception of one infant, who did not gain weight well hydroxyproline increased 45–360% over the intial values. TBW became 54.7–65% of body weight and ECW 41.8–55.9% of TBW. Proportionally smaller increase in metabolically active protoplasm, respresented by ICW, were exprienced in four infants under 11 months (average 25%, than in four of five infants over 11 months of age (average 67.5%); however; these four infants demonstrated proportionately greater gains in ECW (77 versus 36%). Determinations of blood sugar, growth hormone and insulin responses to arginine were made in five of these patients and in three additional infants. On admission, the levels of growth hormone in these infants were found to be elevated (11.5–18 ng/ml) and did not respond, to arginine injection; determination of blood sugar also showed elevated levels (119–182 mg/100 ml). One to three months later the response was usually normal. Insulin responses, initially and after partial rehabilitaion, were almost invariably blunted, with only one child, at 50 days, showing a rise to 45 ng/ml. It is apparent that growth during, recovery from malnutrition is neither a uniform process nor is it simply reinitiation of normal growth. Speculation: The apparently normal production of growth hormone and the impaired insulin, which was persistently demonstrated by these infants, along wiht the poor growth in cell mass of those under 11 months of age, suggest that gains in cell mass in the younger infant may be primarily dependent on insulin and not on growth hormone. Cartilage and other supporting tissues may continue to respond to growth hormone, despite fairly severe malnutririon.

Hemodynamic and Body Composition Changes Following Bilateral Nephrectomy in Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract: Six patients with severe chronic renal failure and hypertension were evaluated before and again 1 and 4 months following bilateral nephrectomy while being maintained with regular hemodialysis. Hemodynamic function and body composition were measured by isotope dilution with each study. The mean femoral artery blood pressure (B.P.) of 142 mm Hg fell to 136 mm Hg (P, ns) at 1 month and to 120 mm Hg at 4 months (P < 0.005). This was mainly reflected in a drop in mean diastolic pressure of 13 mm Hg at 4 months (P<0.025). Total peripheral resistance tended to decrease, whereas, cardiac index was unchanged. Four months after nephrectomy, however, ability to raise both cardiac output and mean B.P. with standardized exercise had increased (P<0.005). Changes in exchangeable Na+, K+, extracellular fluid, and total body water did not correlate with the change in B.P. Plasma volume showed a slight tendency to fall with the decrease in mean B.P. after nephrectomy despite constant body weight (P<0.1). It is concluded th...

Sodium, potassium and water metabolism in myxoedema

Abstract: In a combined radioactive isotope study, Nae, Ke, bromine space and total body water were measured in a group of fourteen hypothyroid subjects. These were compared with a ‘control’ group. Total body water and Nae were found to be increased in the hypothyroid subjects. In seven subjects, the measurements were repeated after treatment with thyroid hormone. Most of the subjects lost weight and showed a decrease in total body water, but changes in Nae, Ke and bromine space were variable. The cause and nature of the fluid and electrolyte retention in myxoedema are discussed and reasons are advanced for the apparent inconsistencies in the results obtained in this and other studies.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes.

Abstract: The use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

Body fluid volumes of college athletes and non-athletes

Abstract: Body fluid measurements were performed in groups of trackmen, wrestlers, and non-athletes at the University of Pittsburgh. Plasma and blood volumes were determined with an Evan's blue dye-hematocrit method. Total body water and extracellular fluid volume were measured with tritium and 35-sul

Total Body Water and Weight Changes in Normal Adults

Abstract: OBSERVATIONS on a series of patients with changing total body water and body weight stimulated our interest in the constancy of variation in these measurements in normal health. Bartley, Krebs and O'Brien1 have looked for variations in body weight in normal subjects, but these were of no significance. Robinson and Watson2 have weighed twenty-eight healthy young women at different times throughout the menstrual cycle and showed that there was a variation of less than ±1.0 kg in 98.2 per cent of all the subjects investigated. Total body water has been measured by several methods in the past, but the published information on changes in this as estimated by the tritium space on two different occasions is limited.

Influence of diethylstilbestrol on body water space in ruminants.

Abstract: SummaryFour wether lambs were used to determine body water space following DES implantation. Tritium-labeled water was used as the tracer. Body water space was 60.3 and 59.8% of the body weight for the control and DES-implanted lambs, respectively. It is concluded that body water space is not changed 12 days after DES implantation in lambs; therefore, this does not explain the decrease in PUN observed following DES administration in ruminants.Assistance rendered by W. Reichert, G. Poe, and O. Lewis is gratefully acknowledged.

The Effect of Hemorrhage on Water and Electrolyte Flux in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Dog

Abstract: Acute arterial hemorrhage produces dramatic alterations in the cardiovascular dynamics of the body. One of the homeokinetic responses of the body to such a physiological insult is the attempted restoration of intravascular volume. The fluid of the gastrointestinal tract is considered to be a reservoir of available water.1 Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of four main subdivisions: (1) plasma; (2) interstitial-lymph fluid; (3) dense connective tissue, cartilage, and bone; and (4) transcellular fluid. Transcellular fluid is designated as consisting of a variety of extracellular fluid collections which are not simple transudates but have the common property of being formed by the active transport of cell membranes.2Gastrointestinal water is the largest subdivision of transcellular water. It comprises 1.4% and 3% of total body water in the human and dog, respectively.3,4This represents a significant volume of water that might be readily accessible to body needs, if it could