Showing papers on "Cataloging published in 2003"
TL;DR: The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and IEEE Learning Object Metadata are two popular metadata standards that facilitate cataloging, searching, and reuse of such resources as discussed by the authors, which can be stored in a digital library or repository that provides services to search or browse for educational materials.
Abstract: In the 1990s, recognition of the potential economies of reusing educational materials spawned the development of metadata standards for sharing and storing learning objects. Metadata is data that describes a physical or electronic resource and can be used to manage collections of documents, images, and other information in a repository such as an archive or museum. Some metadata elements, such as title, description, subject, and keywords, are similar to those that libraries use to catalog their holdings. Other elements, such as the uniform resource identifier (URI), are specific to a digital, Web-based environment. Metadata can be stored in a digital library or repository that provides services to search or browse for educational materials. The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and IEEE Learning Object Metadata are two popular metadata standards that facilitate cataloging, searching, and reuse of such resources.
73 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper summarizes a project where MARC data from two national bibliographies was analysed in the light of the data model presented in the FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) study from IFLA.
Abstract: This paper summarizes a project where MARC data from two national bibliographies was analysed in the light of the data model presented in the FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) study from IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions). During the project it was found that even though the information in the MARC records holds attributes relevant for identifying the work, expression and manifestation entities, the accuracy and formal syntax are too simple to be properly handled by programs. Some of the results may be used to present better hit lists in OPACs (Online Public Access Catalogs). The project presented two suggestions for an OPAC user interface based on the ideas of the FRBR study and on the results of the project.
39 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The impact of the use of IT in libraries on job requirements and qualifications for catalogers is assessed by analyzing job advertisements published in C&RL News and AL over a two-year period (2000 and 2001).
Abstract: Information technology (IT) encompassing an integrated library system, computer hardware and software, CD-ROM, Internet, and other domains, including MARC 21 formats, CORC, and metadata standards (Dublin Core, TEI, XML, RDF) has produced far-reaching changes in the job functions of catalogers. Libraries are now coming up with a new set of recruiting requirements for these positions. This paper aims to review job advertisements published in American Libraries (AL) and College and Research Libraries News (C&RL NEWS) to assess the impact of the use of IT in libraries on job requirements and qualifications for catalogers. ********** Three major developments in library automation and IT have brought sweeping changes in cataloging during the last four decades. The first was the development of the MARC format by the Library of Congress (LC) in the early 1960s. It formed the basis of library automation systems and led to the creation of bibliographic utilities in the 1970s, the use of which not only freed catalogers from clerical aspects of their duties, but also increased cataloging productivity. Professional catalogers were then able to concentrate on original cataloging and even took up difficult materials, such as theses and dissertations, technical reports, and nonbook materials, which they were unable to catalog before. The effect of bibliographic utilities on cataloging became evident in job advertisements in which experience with utility was either required or desired. Phrases like "experience with OCLC operations" and "familiarity with RLIN or similar systems" are listed as qualifications for catalogers and managers alike, revealing the impact of the new technology on practice and workflow from top to bottom. (1) The second important development, which took place in the early to mid 1980s was the introduction of microcomputer and optical disc technologies. Bibliographic utilities and vendors of MARC records started distributing records on CD-ROM, thus allowing even smaller libraries, which cannot afford expensive online access to OCLC and other utilities, to install CD-ROM-based bibliographic databases on local area networks for copy cataloging. The success of these CD-ROM databases encouraged the LC and other agencies responsible for developing and distributing various cataloging tools to issue them on CD-ROM. Catalogers found CDMARC (discontinued in 1997), CatCD, Classification Plus, Dewey for Windows, Cataloger's Desktop, and others easier to store and more up-to-date than the print version. However, to install and use these products effectively required catalogers to have knowledge of such topics as computing, desktop applications, and network-based tools. The job advertisements, therefore, required computer skills for catalog librarians, including knowledge of PC-based applications and bibliographic utilities as well as CD-ROM experience. The emergence of Internet technologies in the 1990s, markup languages, and non-MARC standards are the third group of developments that have impacted cataloging jobs. As a result, some cataloging positions now require proficiency with computer applications (Internet, integrated library system [ILS], e-mail, and PC software packages), knowledge of markup languages (HTML, SGML, and XML), and experience or familiarity with emerging metadata schemes and tools (Dublin Core, CORC, EAD, TEI, RDF). This paper aims to trace the impact of all these developments in library automation and IT on position titles, degree requirements, and required skills of catalogers by analyzing job advertisements published in C&RL News and AL over a two-year period (2000 and 2001). * Literature Review Several articles have appeared during the last ten years or more discussing the changing and evolving roles of catalogers and the impact of automation on job requirements and qualifications for catalogers. Furuta's study revealed that bibliographic utilities in the 1970s produced far-reaching changes in cataloging departments by allowing the bulk of the material to be processed more quickly and cost effectively by nonprofessionals. …
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a table of table-of-features for table-based models. But they do not specify the authorship of each node. But. But
Abstract: Description tableOf
33 citations
23 Jun 2003
22 citations
TL;DR: KICAT as mentioned in this paper is a large collection of books, articles, periodicals, and other materials from the Kinsey Institute, including monographs, journals and reprints, manuscripts, and audiovisual materials that represent all discip...
Abstract: SUMMARY Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey's landmark research in the 1940s and 1950s made his name synonymous with the scientific study of sexuality. The extensive resources collected by Kinsey and his research team provided a foundation of library and special collections at the Kinsey Institute, located on the Bloomington campus of Indiana University. A library of books, articles, periodicals, and other materials is valuable to scholars and users only if the materials are organized with a practical classification scheme and retrievable by unique subject headings. In the 1960s the Institute librarians applied the Dewey classification system to the realm of sexuality. In the 1970s the Kinsey Institute developed a monograph of controlled vocabulary, Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus, for cataloging the diverse materials at the Institute. Now more than 95,000 items are available via KICAT, the online database, consisting of monographs, journals and reprints, manuscripts, and audiovisual materials that represent all discip...
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the meaning of quality in terms of cataloging for the academic library and discussed the evolving nature of the quality in cataloging and attempted to achieve it by Deming's 14 points to transform an organization.
Abstract: The subject of quality has received much attention in the past twenty years Yet quality has remained an ill-defined and subjective term This article explores the meaning of quality in terms of cataloging for the academic library The evolving nature of quality in cataloging is discussed Attempts at achieving quality in cataloging are viewed in terms of Deming's 14 points to transform an organization Particular attention is paid to customer focus and continuous improvement
21 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This essay considers some of the ways in which a shift from an ethos that emphasized acquisition, cataloging, and preservation has the potential to change for the better the ways such libraries are perceived and used.
Abstract: Rare books, manuscript, and special collections libraries remain both more difficult and more forbidding to use than any other parts of most libraries. A shift from an ethos that emphasized acquisition, cataloging, and preservation has brought into new prominence issues generally grouped together under the rubric of promotion. This essay considers some of the ways in which this addition to the ethos of special collections has the potential to change for the better the ways such libraries are perceived and used.
19 citations
TL;DR: The catalog of the Bodleian Library at Oxford as discussed by the authors is a bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleyian Library to the near present.
Abstract: From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic-reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of the work has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of the work, finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.
19 citations
TL;DR: This article provides a review of cataloging and classification publications that appeared in the last two years, and identifies trends and important developments in the area of cataloged and classification.
Abstract: This article provides a review of cataloging and classification publications that appeared in the last two years. The review considers the papers in two categories. Cataloging Theories and Practices covers descriptive cataloging, authority control, classification, subject cataloging, cataloging nonbook materials, electronic resources and metadata, and international cooperation. The second section covers other issues related to cataloging, including management, and education and training. Throughout the review, the author identifies trends and important developments in the area of cataloging and classification.
19 citations
TL;DR: This column attempts to summarise some of the potential benefits to be derived through the implementation of collection‐level descriptions for both user resource discovery and institutional collection management through the concept of “functional granularity”.
Abstract: The potential for digital library growth has recently drawn into question the ability of users to navigate large distributed and heterogeneous collections. This column attempts to summarise some of the potential benefits to be derived through the implementation of collection‐level descriptions for both user resource discovery and institutional collection management. In particular, the concept of “functional granularity” is introduced and some related issues are briefly explored.
14 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this article, conceptual and navigational modeling and query issues for repositories of metrics and their cataloging system are discussed by exploiting as well the power of the semantic web approach.
Abstract: In this article we thoroughly discuss conceptual and navigational modeling and query issues for repositories of metrics and their cataloging system by exploiting as well the power of the semantic web approach. This environment can finally allow tools, evaluators and other stakeholders to have service and consultation mechanisms starting from a sound specification of the entity type, the attribute definition and motivation, the metric definition as well as the measure type, unit, scale type, data collection instruments, protocols, among other metadata.
TL;DR: How theses and dissertations are currently being cataloged in the United States is found to find out how libraries' actual practices in their attempt to provide quality cataloging within the constraints of ever-shrinking budgets are examined.
Abstract: Theses and dissertations (T/Ds) and electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) present scholarly research and thus warrant access through quality cataloging. Continuing budget constraints, however, necessitate cataloging T/Ds in the most efficient manner possible. What are libraries' actual practices in their attempt to provide quality cataloging within the constraints of ever-shrinking budgets? To examine these practices, a survey was designed to find out how theses and dissertations are currently being cataloged in the United States. Participants were asked about their practices regarding classification, provision of access points with special emphasis on subject headings, keywords, and the involvement of paraprofessionals and other personnel in the cataloging process. Other treatment/handling procedures such as establishing and checking format standards were also studied. The survey was emailed to all 258 institutions designated by the year 2000 Carnegie Classification as either Doctoral/Resea...
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The proposed program was designed to achieve the following objectives: to inform the information community of the effort to improve and enrich cataloging and metadata education, and to promote the integration of metadata topics into cataloging education.
Abstract: Bibliographic Control of Web Resources. The charge was to " prepare a model curriculum for cataloging and continuing education " which should " focus on teaching cataloging and metadata to new librarians, " " recommend specific changes and additions to existing library school curricula, " and " cover the period through 2005. " The principal investigator reviewed the literature on cataloging education, metadata education, information organization, metadata, and future of cataloging and libraries to obtain background information and identify related studies. In addition, a survey of 52 ALA-accredited programs in the United States and Canada was conducted in April and May of 2002 to obtain data on their coverage of cataloging and metadata. Several issues were taken into account in the development of this proposal. In addition to the literature on cataloging and metadata education, current coverage of cataloging and metadata in LIS programs was analyzed. Then research on the future roles of LIS graduates in information organization and the competencies needed were reviewed to provide a context for curriculum development. In addition, educators' views on cataloging and metadata education were examined because of their implications for instruction. The proposed program was designed to achieve the following objectives: • To inform the information community of our effort to improve and enrich cataloging and metadata education. • To promote the integration of metadata topics into cataloging education. • To identify levels of expertise in cataloging and metadata and competencies in leadership and management to help prepare cataloging professionals of the 21 st century. • To assist educators and anyone who cares about cataloging and metadata education to prepare for teaching in this area. • To enrich educators' knowledge of cataloging and metadata by providing opportunities for educators and practitioners to brainstorm best teaching strategies for providing the recommended levels of expertise. • To assess the effects of the proposed actions on cataloging and metadata education in three years and determine the next course of actions. In response to the state of LIS cataloging and metadata education and changes in the information environment, the proposed program includes several components to achieve the program objectives, including 1. Expertise in cataloging and metadata: Since all LIS programs have their priorities and local constraints and are likely to want to implement any changes in III their own way, instead of offering a range of courses to be taught, the proposal recommends three levels of expertise …
TL;DR: The author explores the benefits and drawbacks of creating single records for each electronic format in a library's collection, versus using a single print-electronic hybrid for each serial title.
Abstract: E-journals and aggregator databases may be welcomed by library users frustrated by the difficulty of finding the serials articles they want, but these new electronic resources add many new layers of complexity to serials catalogers' lives. Drawing parallels to microform cataloging, the author explores the benefits and drawbacks of creating single records for each electronic format in a library's collection, versus using a single print-electronic hybrid for each serial title. The author believes that the deciding factor should be what benefits the user.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The first major implementation of two significant new cataloguing models: IFLA's FRBR (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and event modeling (INDECS and Harmony) are discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the first major implementation of two significant new cataloguing models: IFLA's FRBR (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and event modeling (INDECS and Harmony). The paper refers brieflu to the decision making processes leading to the adoption of these models, and outlines the implementation process, the benefits of the implementation, the practical and conceptual difficulties encountered in this implementation, and some observations on the future of these models in the library and information worlds. IFLA's Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records was published in 1998, and was widely accepted as providing a sound conceptual model for a new generation of bibliographic records which record and present the publishing history of information resources. The 2000 LC (Library of Congress) Cataloguing conference included a number of papers on the requirement to add 'event models' into cataloguing. FRBR and Event Modelling are powerful tools for presenting bibliographic and other information in a richly contextual environment. Implementing the models presents significant challenges but is achievable, cost effective, offers many benefits to practitioners and should be considered by a range of information providers.
TL;DR: The evolution of archival descriptive standards, beginning in the late 1970s, is described within the context of the development of the archival profession.
Abstract: SUMMARY Studies of professions emphasize various meansby which an occupation increases its authority over areas of activity within its jurisdiction. Development of standards and codification of knowledge are important stages in professionalization for any occupation. As technology became a more prevalent component of library bibliographic access, archivists began to seek ways to develop standards for archival description that would support information exchange and allow archives and manuscripts collections to be included in bibliographic utilities. This article describes the evolution of archival descriptive standards, beginning in the late 1970s, within the context of the development of the archival profession.
TL;DR: This article will focus on the development of modern Anglo-American rare book cataloging, highlighting special access points that often appear to exist outside the mainstream of library cataloging.
Abstract: SUMMARY Rare book cataloging codes and practices have been shaped by a constant interplay between the tradition of descriptive bibliography and the evolution of library cataloging codes. At the same time, technological changes, such as the emergence of bibliographic databases and online catalogs, have led to promises of increased flexibility and usability in records for rare books. This article will focus on the development of modern Anglo-American rare book cataloging, highlighting special access points that often appear to exist outside the mainstream of library cataloging. By focusing on the treatment of several “hallmarks” of rare book records in codes published during the second half of the twentieth century, the development of rare book cataloging and its relationship to the traditions of bibliography and general library emerge.
TL;DR: The cataloging community is, and should be, front and center in those discussions as discussed by the authors, and why metadata issues are central to discussions about the evolution of library services, particularly digital library services.
Abstract: SUMMARY Provides an introductory overview to the subject of metadata, which considers why metadata issues are central to discussions about the evolution of library services-particularly digital library services-and why the cataloging community is, and should be, front and center in those discussions.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Many words have been written on the subject of the MARC Program: the events that led to the pilot project, the development of the format, the operational Distribution Service, the influence of MARC on standardization, and the impetus it gave to library automation projects and to the creation of networks here and abroad as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Many words have been written on the subject of the Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) Program: the events that led to the pilot project, the development of the format, the operational Distribution Service, the influence of MARC on standardization, and the impetus it gave to library automation projects and to the creation of networks here and abroad. This article serves to gather together all aspects of the national and international MARC system. Much of what follows has been fairly well documented in many published reports, journal articles, etc., and therefore this article relies heavily on that material. A Bibliography based on the article’s main headings has been included for those readers who wish to explore any aspect of MARC in greater depth.
Book•
13 Jun 2003
TL;DR: This book discusses the changing place of Cataloging in the Library and Information Science Curriculum, and discusses the role of cataloging education in the development of post-secondary education.
Abstract: * Pitfalls and the Pendulum: Reconsidering Education for Cataloging and the Organization of Information: Preface * A MATTER OF OPINION * Why Teach Cataloging and Classification? * Persistent Issues in Cataloging Education: Considering the Past and Looking Toward the Future * Why Does Everybody Hate Cataloging? * Cataloging: An Exciting Subject for Exciting Times * THE CONTEXT * Demographic Trends Affecting Professional Technical Services Staffing in ARL Libraries * A New Look at US Graduate Courses in Bibliographic Control * Textbooks Used in Bibliographic Control Education Courses * Where Are We and How Did We Get Here? or, The Changing Place of Cataloging in the Library and Information Science Curriculum: Causes and Consequences * "If I Knew Then What I Know Now": UNCG LIS Graduates' Perspectives on Cataloging Education * Cataloging or Knowledge Management: Perspectives of Library Educators on Cataloging Education for Entry-Level Academic Librarians * EDUCATION FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES * Format Integration and the Design of Cataloging and Classification Curricula * Cataloging and Metadata Education: Asserting a Central Role in Information Organization * On Teaching Subject Cataloging * Education for Authority Control: Whose Responsibility Is It? * What Else Do You Need to Know? Practical Skills for Catalogers and Managers * ALTERNATIVES FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY * Innovations in Standard Classroom Instruction * Online Mentoring: A Student Experience at Dominican University * Online Distance Learning with Cataloging Mentors: The Mentor's Viewpoint * When Donkeys Fly: Distance Education for Cataloging * An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of OCLC Online Computer Library Center's Web-Based Module on Cataloging Internet Resources Using the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules and MARC21 * Cataloging Internet Resources Using MARC 21 and AACR2: Online Training for Working Catalogers * The Program for Cooperative Cataloging and Training for Catalogers * Catalog Training for People Who Are Not Catalogers: The Colorado Digitization Project Experience * The Community of Catalogers: Its Role in the Education of Catalogers * Index * Reference Notes Included
Journal Article•
TL;DR: M I C R O F I L M C O P I E S continued on page 140 42n2_2ndcorrex.qxd 04/24/2003 10:50 AM Page 136
Abstract: M I C R O F I L M C O P I E S continued on page 140 42n2_2ndcorrex.qxd 04/24/2003 10:50 AM Page 136
TL;DR: Options for providing access to artists files range from simple Web-based lists to collection-level cataloging or digitization projects, and follow accepted standards that facilitate cooperative access projects.
Abstract: Comprised of everything from newspaper clippings to exhibition catalogues and photographs, the artists file is perhaps one of the most under-utilized resources in an art library. Options for providing access to artists files range from simple Web-based lists to collection-level cataloging or digitization projects. When choosing the best access strategy, careful consideration of the strengths of the collection, demand for the materials included, and organizational commitment to the project is necessary. The best solutions build on the traditional strengths of artists files, documentation for less prominent artists, and follow accepted standards that facilitate cooperative access projects.
TL;DR: This study examines the quality of Korean cataloging records in OCLC's WorldCat by evaluating records in terms of specific errors, error frequency, areas where errors occur frequently, and errors that could inhibit record retrieval.
Abstract: For decades, the issue of quality control in cataloging records has been discussed, in particular in bibliographic control in the shared databases for various languages, but no earlier studies assess the quality of Korean cataloging records in the databases. This study examines the quality of Korean cataloging records in OCLC's WorldCat by evaluating records in terms of specific errors, error frequency, areas where errors occur frequently, and errors that could inhibit record retrieval. The results of the current study also are compared with the results of the study of the quality of Chinese-language cataloging records in order to identify shared error patterns. Similarities were found in the error rates and error types. Based on the results, the author proposes some recommendations on how to maintain quality in cataloging Korean-language records.
Book•
09 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a collection development curriculum as a model for developing policy documents in practice and use it as a basis for developing collection development policies in the real world.
Abstract: * Introduction: Changing Collections, Changing Policies * Pricing and Acquisitions Policies for Electronic Resources: Is the Market Stable Enough to Establish Local Standards? * Subject-Specific Policy Statements: A Rationale and Framework for Collection Development * The End of an American (Library) Dream: The Rise and Decline of the Collection Development Policy Statement at Berkeley * Using a Collection Development Curriculum as a Model for Developing Policy Documents in Practice * Collection Development at SJU Libraries: Compromises, Missions, and Transitions * Collection Management Statements on the World Wide Web * Acquisitions Policy for Contemporary Topics in an Academic Library: Managing the Ephemeral * Impact of Technical Services' Policies on Access and Collection Development * Nicholson Baker Wasn't All Wrong: A Collection Development Policy for Remote Storage Facilities * Collection Development: Curriculum Materials Center * Cooperation Between Collection Development and Cataloging: A Policy for Proposing Projects to Cataloging Services * Index * Reference Notes Included
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Future trends such as increased collaboration among portals; automated location, selection, and cataloging of resources; integration of multiple resource types; and increased access to full-content and virtual library services are also discussed.
Abstract: Librarians have long sought to select, evaluate, and organize information on the Internet. Efforts began with individual librarians sharing bookmark files of favorite sites and progressed to increasingly large, collaboratively produced general and subject/discipline-specific gateway Web sites or megasites. Megasites list major resources usually in a particular subject area or discipline. Library portals that review, evaluate, and sometimes rate and rank resources grew from some of these Web sites. Both megasites and portals serve as gateways to the Internet. Many portals have developed from relatively small static files into large, dynamically generated databases providing descriptive annotations of selected resources and are increasingly overseen as global projects with formal policies and procedures. Portals now provide increasingly complex and sophisticated browse and search capabilities with a multitude of access points, often including call numbers and subject headings. These are described and compared. Future trends such as increased collaboration among portals; automated location, selection, and cataloging of resources; integration of multiple resource types; and increased access to full-content and virtual library services are also discussed.
TL;DR: Examination of differences in modeling component parts of bibliographic resources between two conceptual models in cataloging indicates the model's superiority in consistency to the FRBR model in this respect.
Abstract: This paper examines differences in modeling component parts of bibliographic resources between two conceptual models in cataloging, as a continuation of the previous study that proposed a model giving primacy to expression‐level bibliographic entity First, the model by IFLA Study Group on Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) was examined from the viewpoint of modeling component parts when each part in itself is a resource to be described The examination is done on two types of component parts, a content part and a document part, which are different in terms of whether they are physically independent This results in different structures for these two component types Secondly, by applying the viewpoint to the model that the author proposed earlier, it has become clear that both component types can be modeled basically in the same manner, indicating the model's superiority in consistency to the FRBR model in this respect
TL;DR: A unique partnership in Melbourne, Australia, provides the combined expertise of a bookseller and a cataloguing agency to provide shelf‐ready library materials in over 60 languages.
Abstract: For libraries to provide and maintain collections that meet the needs of their diverse community groups, expertise must be developed in sourcing, evaluating, selecting, acquiring, cataloguing and processing in an ever‐growing range of languages. A unique partnership in Melbourne, Australia, provides the combined expertise of a bookseller and a cataloguing agency to provide shelf‐ready library materials in over 60 languages. Non‐English collections can be established, developed and managed to meet the needs of both the library and the communities they serve. Expert selection and acquisition goes beyond language and relies on knowledge and understanding of the relevant social, political, religious and cultural issues. The creation of catalogue records to support the collections requires expert language, transliteration and translation skills. By combining the selection and acquisition skills with the language and cataloguing skills, libraries are now able to provide an equitable service to all client groups.
TL;DR: The opportunities for libraries to contribute to the proposed global “Semantic Web” are explored and new opportunities for using these records in the digital world are described, including mapping with Dublin Core metadata.
Abstract: SUMMARY Explores the opportunities for libraries to contribute to the proposed global “Semantic Web.” Library name and subject authority files, including work that IFLA has done related to a new view of “Universal Bibliographic Control” in the Internet environment and the work underway in the U.S. and Europe, are making a reality of the virtual international authority file on the Web. The bibliographic and authority records created according to AACR2 reflect standards for metadata that libraries have provided for years. New opportunities for using these records in the digital world are described (interoperability), including mapping with Dublin Core metadata. AACR2 recently updated Chapter 9 on Electronic Resources. That process and highlights of the changes are described, including Library of Congress' rule interpretations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Analysis and comparison of the various codes and guidelines for practice issued for what are now called electronic resources is focused on, as it is possible that older rules and standards may, in fact, be readily adapted to new types of electronic resources.
Abstract: Cataloging rules for computer-based materials were first introduced in the 1970s, and since then have undergone almost continuous modification and revision This article focuses on analysis and comparison of the various codes and guidelines for practice issued for what are now called electronic resources Creation of new cataloging rules has been spurred by introduction of new physical carriers, the preeminence of materials accessed remotely versus those with physical carriers, the need for guidance in cataloging specific instances of computer-based materials, and the evolution of the theoretical concerns underlying the cataloging codes Based on this history of constant change, it is easy to predict many more changes in the cataloging standards' for computer-based materials in the future However, continuous changes in the cataloging rules may have produced as much confusion as clarity for working catalogers Caution should be exercised in the creation of new rules and standards for cataloging electronic resources, as it is possible that older rules and standards may, in fact, be readily adapted to new types of electronic resources ********** Libraries have collected computer-based materials since the late 1960s Since then the types and capabilities of computer hardware computer media publication standards (or lack thereof), and the types of materials and information available in machine-readable format have continuously changed Computer-based materials have come to libraries in a variety of physical carriers, or have become available remotely with no physical carrier at all Since electronic data can be republished at almost no cost, multiple versions, many with only minor changes from the previous version, are the rule rather than the exception Computer-based materials usually have short useful lives, and it may not be possible to tell if some new carrier type, content, or mode of access will be a substantial development, a transit point to some other form, or an evolutionary dead end Because of the short history of electronic resources and their continuously morphing forms, there has not been a reliable body of cultural knowledge to draw on to create a definitive set of cataloging rules for these materials This article focuses not on the process of the creation of new rules but on analysis and comparison of the various codes Creation of new cataloging rules has been spurred by introduction of new carrier units, the predominance of items with physical carriers versus items accessed remotely, the need for rules of application for specific instances, and evolution of the theoretical concerns underlying the cataloging codes Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d Edition (1978) Work on the development of cataloging rules for computer-based materials began in 1970 At that time, the American Library Association Resources and Technical Services Division Cataloging and Classification Section Descriptive Cataloging Committee formed a subcommittee to study computer materials and to attempt to formulate cataloging rules for them Within a few years, a number of interested groups were collaborating on attempts to codify bibliographic access for these materials (Dodd 1977, 49-50) In 1978, the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed (AACR2 1978) was published It was the first international cataloging code to introduce rules for the cataloging of computer media (Dodd and Sandberg-Fox 1985, 1) (Examples are presented in the appendixes to this article See appendix A) The general material designation for these materials was machine-readable data files (MRDF), and they were defined as follows: A body of information coded by methods that require the use of a machine (typically a computer) for processing Examples are files stored on magnetic tape, punched cards (with or without a magnetic tape strip), aperture cards, punched paper tapes, disk packs, mark sensed cards, and optical character recognition font documents …