Showing papers on "Collar published in 2022"

Reduction of scour around circular piers using collars

Abstract: River dynamics and sediment transport play an important role in river bed morphology. Building a bridge pier along the river alters the cross‐section of the river and causes the change in flow processes. These changes are mainly responsible for pier scour. In this paper, the usage of collars to reduce scour around circular piers has been investigated. The collars with different diameters and depth positions have been studied using previous data and additional data collected in the present study to assess their effectiveness in reducing scour. Using a wide range of measured data, an empirical equation to compute the maximum scour depth around the circular piers in the presence of collars has been proposed. The proposed equation has been validated and proven to be applicable to a wide range of pier layouts. It has been found that the maximum efficiency can be achieved by fixing the collar at bed level and adopting a collar diameter 1.5–2.5 times of pier diameter.

A New Classification System for Cementless Femoral Stems in Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract: The growing variety of total hip arthroplasty implants necessitates a standardized, simple, and brand-neutral language to precisely classify femoral components. Although previous classifications have been useful, they need updating to include stems that have current surface treatment technologies, modularity, collar features, and other geometric characteristics.To accomplish this, we propose a new classification system for stems based on 3 distinguishing stem features: (1) geometry, (2) location of modularity, and (3) length.Our system allows for the easy classification of all currently used stem types.One goal of this endeavor is to improve clinical record keeping to facilitate study comparisons as well as literature reviews.

Impact of machined versus structured implant shoulder designs on crestal bone level changes: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study

Abstract: The collar region of an implant is its connection to the oral cavity. A balance between osseointegration on one hand and the absence of plaque accumulation on the other hand is necessary for successful implantation. It is yet to be determined which implant collar design, polished or rough, is best to stabilize the crestal bone level, avoiding peri-implantitis and subsequent risk of implant loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the architecture of the collar region on marginal bone and soft tissue response.This prospective, randomized, clinically controlled multicenter study included 58 patients undergoing dental implant treatment using a pair of dental implants with either machined or rough-surfaced shoulder regions. Patients were clinically and radiologically examined for bone level height and signs of inflammation after 6, 12 and 24 months.No implant was lost within the 2 years of follow-up (100% survival rate). No significant differences on crestal bone loss (machined neck: 0.61 mm ± 0.28 mm, rough neck 0.58 mm ± 0.24 mm) and on soft tissue response (probing depth 3-6 mm with bleeding on probing 7.6% in machined-neck implants and in 8.3% in rough neck implants) were observed between implants with machined and roughened neck after 2 years.Machined and roughened neck implants achieved equally good results concerning peri-implant bone loss, the rate of peri-implantitis and implant survival rate/hard and soft tissue integration. None of the two collar designs showed a clear advantage in peri-implant reaction. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DKRS00029033. Registered 09 May 2022-Retrospectively registered, http://www.dkrs.de.

Impact of machined versus structured implant shoulder designs on crestal bone level changes: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study

Abstract: The collar region of an implant is its connection to the oral cavity. A balance between osseointegration on one hand and the absence of plaque accumulation on the other hand is necessary for successful implantation. It is yet to be determined which implant collar design, polished or rough, is best to stabilize the crestal bone level, avoiding peri-implantitis and subsequent risk of implant loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the architecture of the collar region on marginal bone and soft tissue response.This prospective, randomized, clinically controlled multicenter study included 58 patients undergoing dental implant treatment using a pair of dental implants with either machined or rough-surfaced shoulder regions. Patients were clinically and radiologically examined for bone level height and signs of inflammation after 6, 12 and 24 months.No implant was lost within the 2 years of follow-up (100% survival rate). No significant differences on crestal bone loss (machined neck: 0.61 mm ± 0.28 mm, rough neck 0.58 mm ± 0.24 mm) and on soft tissue response (probing depth 3-6 mm with bleeding on probing 7.6% in machined-neck implants and in 8.3% in rough neck implants) were observed between implants with machined and roughened neck after 2 years.Machined and roughened neck implants achieved equally good results concerning peri-implant bone loss, the rate of peri-implantitis and implant survival rate/hard and soft tissue integration. None of the two collar designs showed a clear advantage in peri-implant reaction. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DKRS00029033. Registered 09 May 2022-Retrospectively registered, http://www.dkrs.de.

Colorful Collar-Covers and Bells Reduce Wildlife Predation by Domestic Cats in a Continental European Setting

Abstract: In many areas, domestic cats are the most abundant predators of small vertebrates. Due to the potential impact on prey populations by cats, there are calls to investigate the effectiveness of visual and acoustic cues as measures to reduce the cat’s hunting efficiency. In this study, we complement previous studies on the efficacy of Birdsbesafe collar-covers (BBScc) in a so far not investigated Continental European setting and explore the effectiveness in combination with a bell. We also evaluate the tolerability of these devices by the cat and the acceptance by their owners. With a randomized and comparative citizen science-based approach we collected data from 26 households with 31 study cats, which were wearing either a BBScc or both a BBScc and a bell. The BBScc reduced the number of birds brought home by 37% (probability of reduction of 88%). The number of mammals brought home was reduced by 54–62%, but only with the additional bell (probability of reduction of >99%). About one fourth of the birds that could be dissected were found to have collided with a hard object prior to having been brought home by the cats. Our results are in line with previous findings from Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom and highlight the great potential of visual and acoustic cues in reducing hunting success in domestic cats also in Continental Europe. On the other hand, our result show that the number of prey brought home by cats overestimates their hunting bag, if scavenging is not considered. The majority of cat owners reported that their cats habituated quickly to the BBScc. However, frequent scratching in some cats indicates that some individuals may not habituate. Most participating cat owners had a positive attitude toward the BBScc and said that they were willing to use it after the study. However, cat owners reported that their social environment (e.g., neighbors, family, friends) was relatively skeptical, which indicates a need for communication. To conclude, commercially available devices with visual and acoustic stimuli are straightforward and effective ways to mitigate the potentially harmful effect of domestic cats on wildlife.

Social Group Differences in Influencing Factors for Chinese Urban Residents’ Subjective Well-Being: From the Perspective of Social Stratification

Abstract: With the great pressure of modern social life, the problem of residents’ subjective well-being has attracted scholars’ attention. Against the background of institutional transformation, China has a special social stratification structure. The socio-economic resources and living needs of different social classes are different, resulting in differences in the level of subjective well-being and the influencing factors for this. Taking Guangzhou as an example, based on the data of a household survey conducted in 2016, this paper obtains the social hierarchical structure through two-step clustering, and explores the differences between influencing factors for subjective well-being using multiple linear regression models. The clustering results divided Guangzhou urban residents into four classes: retirees, white-collar workers outside the system, manual workers and white-collar workers inside the system. The subjective well-being of white-collar workers inside the system and manual workers is high. The subjective well-being of white-collar workers outside the system is below the average value, and retirees have poor subjective well-being. The results of the regression analysis show that the subjective well-being of all social classes could be improved by active participation in fitness exercises, harmonious neighborhood relationships and a central residential location. Health-related factors such as physical health, sleeping time and density of neighborhood medical facilities, have a significant impact on manual workers’ subjective well-being. An increase in the density of neighborhood leisure facilities could help to improve the subjective well-being of white-collar workers outside the system. However, this would inhibit the subjective well-being of white-collar workers within the system. By revealing the differences in influencing factors for different social groups’ subjective well-being, the research conclusions could provide a reference for the formulation of targeted policies and measures to improve residents’ subjective well-being in urban China.

Union Density in Norway and Sweden: Stability versus Decline

Abstract: The aim is to explain why union density is not only considerably higher in the Ghent country Sweden than in non-Ghent Norway but also why it has declined much more in Sweden, in particular among blue-collar workers. We show how changes to Swedish unemployment insurance in 2007–2013 were followed by a decline in union density and how white-collar unions were more successful than blue-collar unions in developing supplementary income insurance schemes that counteracted membership losses. This type of institutional explanation is nevertheless insufficient. In Norway, too, blue-collar density has decreased while white-collar workers have maintained their density rate. Norwegian data further show that even without unemployment insurance funds, it is possible to achieve a fairly high union density at workplaces with collective agreements. However, without unemployment benefits like we find in Sweden, it is increasingly challenging to establish an institutional foundation for a social custom of unionization.

The grip dispute (kumi-kata ) in judo: A scoping review

Abstract: In judo combat, the grip (kumi-kata) helps to control and to dominate the opponent, and per the current rules is a prerequisite to executing a throwing technique. In this scoping review, articles and reviews published in scientific journals in English were searched in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases from inception until December 2020. The studies were classified into technical-tactical or time-motion analyses, grip or grip attempts, grip locations on uke´s (athlete receiving the attack) judogi (judo uniform) or hands that performed the grips, and one or two hands holding. Articles evaluating the physical and physiological capacities of grip dispute were excluded. From 286 articles identified, 41 were included in the final selection. Two reviewers screened the records independently for eligibility. One reviewer extracted all data and the other reviewed the data for accuracy. The main results showed that: i) more experienced athletes hold the judogi for less time before attacking and focus their vision on the face and collar; ii) male athletes, especially heavy ones, hold longer in the judogi and use more defensive grips (collar and collar); iii) the most used grip was collar and sleeve; iv) the most used position was kenka-yotsu (opposite sides). The result of this scoping review may assist coaches and athletes to develop training strategies according to the athletes’ technical-tactical objectives, as well as future investigations that can be conducted related to grip dispute in judo.

Bringing Back the Jobs Lost to Covid‐19: The Role of Fiscal Policy

Abstract: Covid-19 induced job losses occurred predominantly in industries with intensive worker–client interaction as well as in pink-collar and blue-collar occupations. We study the ability of fiscal policy to stabilize employment by occupation and industry during the Covid-19 crisis. We use a multisector, multioccupation macro-economic model and investigate different fiscal-policy instruments that help the economy recover faster. We show that fiscal stimuli foster job growth for hard-hit pink-collar workers, whereas stimulating blue-collar job creation is more challenging. Only a cut in labor income taxes generates a substantial number of blue-collar jobs. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Ohio State University.

OUP accepted manuscript

Abstract: To investigate and characterize the influence of sex, age, muscle strength, and cardiovascular fitness on manual lifting patterns using exposure variation analysis (EVA) during a full working day among blue-collar workers.Muscular activity (surface electromyography [sEMG]) of the thigh, low-back, and shoulder was measured throughout the working day in 173 employees with manual lifting tasks from 14 workplaces. Relative sEMG loading was expressed as % of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). As an additional and more practically oriented analysis, calibration of load from standardized box lifts (5, 10, 20, and 30 kg) identified corresponding sEMG values in kg. Using an EVA 'lifting periods' of [1 to 5, >5 to 10, >10 to 20, >20 to 30, and >30] kg in time intervals [0 to 0.5, >0.5 to 1, >1 to 2, >2 to 5, >5 to 10, and >10] s were identified. Arm elevation and back inclination were measured using accelerometers.Females and older workers (≥50 years) primarily used the thighs for lifting and were exposed to more frequent thigh muscle 'lifting periods' of varying duration and load and performed more thigh lifts >30 kg and >60% of MVC compared with males and younger workers (P < 0.05). Females had less brief shoulder lifting periods and more work with bent back >30° than the males (P < 0.05), whereas stronger workers performed more work with elevated arm >60° and >90° than workers with low muscle strength (P < 0.05). However, besides a single difference where workers with lower cardiovascular fitness were exposed to more light (1-5 kg) and moderate duration (5-10 s) trapezius loading, the number of lifting periods was not affected by muscle strength nor cardiovascular fitness (P > 0.05).This EVA demonstrated sex- and age-related differences in exposure to lifting periods involving shoulder and thigh muscles.

Ultra high-resolution biomechanics suggest that substructures within insect mechanosensors decisively affect their sensitivity

Abstract: Insect load sensors, called campaniform sensilla (CS), measure strain changes within the cuticle of appendages. This mechanotransduction provides the neuromuscular system with feedback for posture and locomotion. Owing to their diverse morphology and arrangement, CS can encode different strain directions. We used nano-computed tomography and finite-element analysis to investigate how different CS morphologies within one location—the femoral CS field of the leg in the fruit fly Drosophila—interact under load. By investigating the influence of CS substructures' material properties during simulated limb displacement with naturalistic forces, we could show that CS substructures (i.e. socket and collar) influence strain distribution throughout the whole CS field. Altered socket and collar elastic moduli resulted in 5% relative differences in displacement, and the artificial removal of all sockets caused differences greater than 20% in cap displacement. Apparently, CS sockets support the distribution of distal strain to more proximal CS, while collars alter CS displacement more locally. Harder sockets can increase or decrease CS displacement depending on sensor location. Furthermore, high-resolution imaging revealed that sockets are interconnected in subcuticular rows. In summary, the sensitivity of individual CS is dependent on the configuration of other CS and their substructures.

Duration of External Neck Stabilisation (DENS) following odontoid fracture in older or frail adults: protocol for a randomised controlled trial of collar versus no collar

Abstract: Introduction Fractures of the odontoid process frequently result from low impact falls in frail or older adults. These are increasing in incidence and importance as the population ages. In the UK, odontoid fractures in older adults are usually managed in hard collars to immobilise the fracture and promote bony healing. However, bony healing does not always occur in older adults, and bony healing is not associated with quality of life, functional, or pain outcomes. Further, hard collars can cause complications such as skin pressure ulcers, swallowing difficulties and difficulties with personal care. We hypothesise that management with no immobilisation may be superior to management in a hard collar for older or frail adults with odontoid fractures. Methods and analyses This is the protocol for the Duration of External Neck Stabilisation (DENS) trial—a non-blinded randomised controlled trial comparing management in a hard collar with management without a collar for older (≥65 years) or frail (Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale ≥5) adults with a new odontoid fracture. 887 neurologically intact participants with any odontoid process fracture type will be randomised to continuing with a hard collar (standard care) or removal of the collar (intervention). The primary outcome is quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include pain scores, neck disability index, health and social care use and costs, and mortality. Ethics and dissemination Informed consent for participation will be sought from those able to provide it. We will also include those who lack capacity to ensure representativeness of frail and acutely unwell older adults. Results will be disseminated via scientific publication, lay summary, and visual abstract. The DENS trial received a favourable ethical opinion from the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee (21/SS/0036) and the Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (21/YH/0141). Trial registration number NCT04895644.

High Precision Classification of Resting and Eating Behaviors of Cattle by Using a Collar-Fitted Triaxial Accelerometer Sensor

Abstract: Cattle are less active than humans. Hence, it was hypothesized in this study that transmitting acceleration signals at a 1 min sampling interval to reduce storage load has the potential to improve the performance of motion sensors without affecting the precision of behavior classification. The behavior classification performance in terms of precision, sensitivity, and the F1-score of the 1 min serial datasets segmented in 3, 4, and 5 min window sizes based on nine algorithms were determined. The collar-fitted triaxial accelerometer sensor was attached on the right side of the neck of the two fattening Korean steers (age: 20 months) and the steers were observed for 6 h on day one, 10 h on day two, and 7 h on day three. The acceleration signals and visual observations were time synchronized and analyzed based on the objectives. The resting behavior was most correctly classified using the combination of a 4 min window size and the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm which resulted in 89% high precision, 81% high sensitivity, and 85% high F1-score. High classification performance (79% precision, 88% sensitivity, and 83% F1-score) was also obtained in classifying the eating behavior using the same classification method (4 min window size and an LSTM algorithm). The most poorly classified behavior was the active behavior. This study showed that the collar-fitted triaxial sensor measuring 1 min serial signals could be used as a tool for detecting the resting and eating behaviors of cattle in high precision by segmenting the acceleration signals in a 4 min window size and by using the LSTM classification algorithm.

Vanishing social classes? Facts and figures of the Italian labour market

Abstract: This paper analyses medium-term labour market trends from 1983 to 2018 in Italy relying on the "Rilevazione dei contratti di lavoro" from INPS archive which provides information on average salaries by professional category, age, gender, and geographical origin. Within an overall pattern of exacerbated wage inequalities, documented by means of different indicators, the empirical analysis highlights how the within-component of the wage variation prevails in the gender, age and geographical dimensions. By contrast, the between-component in terms of professional categories (trainees, blue-collar jobs, white-collar jobs, middle managers, executives) is the only between-variation attribute to prevail, corroborating the role played by a reduced class schema, excluding capitalists and the self-employed, in explaining wage inequality. Regression-based inequality estimations confirm the role played by managerial remuneration, the contradictory located class, in driving divergent patterns. Stratification of wage losses is recorded to be largely concentrated among blue-collar professional categories, women, youth, and in Southern regions.

Research and Application of Fine-Grained Image Classification Based on Small Collar Dataset

Abstract: With the rapid development of apparel e-commerce, the variety of apparel is increasing, and it becomes more and more important to classify the apparel according to its collar design. Traditional image processing methods have been difficult to cope with the increasingly complex image backgrounds. To solve this problem, an EMRes-50 classification algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of garment collar image classification, which is designed based on the ECA-ResNet50 model combined with the MC-Loss loss function method. Applying the improved algorithm to the Coller-6 dataset, and the classification accuracy obtained was 73.6%. To further verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, it was applied to the DeepFashion-6 dataset, and the classification accuracy obtained was 86.09%. The experimental results show that the improved model has higher accuracy than the existing CNN model, and the model has better feature extraction ability, which is helpful to solve the problem of the difficulty of fine-grained collar classification and promote the further development of clothing product image classification.

Analysis of Mooring Line Tension in Floating Collar Net Cage

Abstract: World fish production is increasing every year. This is mainly because of the trend to use floating net cages in aquaculture. One of the common net cage types is the collar cage. The net cage system must withstand the environmental and accidental loads, particularly on the mooring system as its function to maintain the position. Thus, this study focuses on analysis in mooring tension of the fully scaled net cage using numerical methods. The model scale data obtained from a previous experimental study and then scaled up to obtain the fully scaled net cage. After validation, current and wave data at Pangandaran bay, Indonesia is adapted to the simulation. Morison’s hydrodynamic force formula is used. Configuration of the mooring system is a rectangular array with a variation of spread angles of mooring lines between 90°, 60°, and 30°. The load cases used for simulation considering the operation and extreme conditions also the directions in lines and between lines. The result shows that the smallest mooring tension and offset is the configuration 30° in which the mooring lines spread evenly in each direction.

Association Between the Femoral Stem Design Type and the Risk of Aseptic Revision After Hemiarthroplasty

Abstract: Although noncemented hemiarthroplasty has been associated with a higher risk of revision surgery as compared with cemented fixation, it remains uncertain whether this increased risk applies to all noncemented stem design types or only a subset. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of aseptic revision associated with three common types of noncemented stem designs as compared with cemented fixation in the hemiarthroplasty treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly patients.This was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 60 years and older who sustained a hip fracture and underwent hemiarthroplasty between 2009 and 2018 at one of 35 hospitals owned by a large US health maintenance organization. Hemiarthroplasty fixation was categorized as cemented or noncemented, with the noncemented stems further classified as single wedge without collar, fit and fill without collar, or fit and fill with collar. The primary outcome was aseptic revision, and the median follow-up time was 4.8 years.Of 12,071 patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty during the study period (average age 82.0 ± 8.4 years, 67.9% women), 807 (6.7%) received a single-wedge stem without collar, 2,124 (17.6%) received a fit-and-fill stem without collar, 2,453 (20.3%) received a fit-and-fill stem with collar, and 6,687 (55.4%) received a cemented stem. Compared with cemented fixation, all the noncemented stem design types were associated with a markedly higher risk of aseptic revision in the multivariable analysis, including single wedge without collar (hazard ratio [HR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 2.89, P < 0.001), fit and fill without collar (HR 1.52, 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.04, P = 0.005), and fit and fill with collar (HR 2.11, 95% CI, 1.63 to 2.72, P < 0.001).In the hemiarthroplasty treatment of elderly patients with hip fracture, all routinely used noncemented stem design types were associated with a higher risk of aseptic revision as compared with cemented fixation.

Goat Kidding Dataset

Abstract: The detection of kidding in production animals is of the utmost importance, given the frequency of problems associated with the process, and the fact that timely human help can be a safeguard for the well-being of the mother and kid. The continuous human monitoring of the process is expensive, given the uncertainty of when it will occur, so the establishment of an autonomous mechanism that does so would allow calling the human responsible who could intervene at the opportune moment. The present dataset consists of data from the sensorization of 16 pregnant and two non-pregnant Charnequeira goats, during a period of four weeks, the kidding period. The data include measurements from neck to floor height, measured by ultrasound and accelerometry data measured by an accelerometer existing at the monitoring collar. Data was continuously sampled throughout the experiment every 10 s. The goats were monitored both in the goat shelter (day and night) and during the grazing period in the pasture. The births of the animals were also registered, both in terms of the time at which they took place, but also with details regarding how they took place and the number of offspring, and notes were also added.

Women's Low Employment Rates in India: Cultural and Structural Explanations

Abstract: Indian women's labor force participation rates have long demonstrated a U-shaped relationship with their education, rather than a more conventional positive linear relationship. The low rates of employment for moderately educated women are usually explained either as a result of the cultural stigma of women's employment in a patriarchal society or because of the lack of demand from white-collar and light manufacturing jobs for women with middle levels of education. Using especially well-suited data from two waves of the India Human Development Survey, we test these explanations by examining the education–employment relationship in districts with low cultural stigma (low observance of purdah) and high proportions of (salaried) employment considered “suitable” for women. We find little support for either the cultural or structural explanations: the education–employment relationship remains U-shaped in districts with low stigma or with more “suitable” salaried employment. Instead, we suggest a better explanation lies in the high levels of gender segregation where most white-collar jobs are reserved for men. We simulate what the education–employment relationship would look like if these white-collar occupations were female-dominated as they are in most places in the world and find a more conventional linear relationship.

Influence of gender and age on musculoskeletal symptoms in white-collar and blue-collar workers: a cross-sectional study

Abstract: Objectives. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among blue-collar and white-collar workers stratified by gender and age. Methods. The sample was composed of 390 blue-collar and 510 white-collar workers. Musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated using the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. An independent t test or Mann–Whitney test was used for inter-group comparisons. The χ 2 association test was applied for categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of gender and age on musculoskeletal symptoms. Results. The prevalence of shoulder, lower back and ankle/foot symptoms was higher among blue-collar workers compared to white-collar workers. In the analysis stratified by gender, female blue-collar workers had a higher frequency of shoulder symptoms and male blue-collar workers had a higher frequency of lower back symptoms. In the analysis stratified by age, younger blue collar-workers had a higher frequency of shoulder, lower back and ankle/foot symptoms compared to young white-collar workers, and older white-collar workers had a higher frequency of neck symptoms compared to older blue-collar workers. Conclusions. Gender and age exerted an influence on self-reported symptoms in blue-collar and white-collar workers.

Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Affected by Cervical Collar Placement in Minor Head Trauma Patients

Abstract: Background: Head trauma may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The use of ocular ultrasound to measure optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a method to determine the ICP. The use of the rigid cervical collar in head trauma patients contribute to elevating ICP, and therefore, potentially causing further deterioration in their condition. Objectives: This study aimed to describe changes in ONSD after the placement of a c-collar and analyze these changes depending on the time in the c-collar. Methods: This prospective study measured the ONSD of minor head trauma patients before and after the placement of a c-collar. Patients aged ³18 with blunt head trauma and Glasgow Coma Score ³13 were included in the study. Each eye was scanned twice. This was done before c-collar placement, at 5 and 20 min after placement. The mean values of both eyes were calculated and analyzed. Results: This study investigated 50 patients. The mean baseline ONSD was obtained at 4.71mm±0.22 (4.54-4.77). Furthermore, T5 and T20 measurements were 5.19±0.41 (5.07-5.31) and 5.26±0.45 (5.14-5.39), respectively. The ONSD increased at T5 and T20. The changes from the baseline measurements were statistically significant (P=0.000, P=0.000). The difference between T5 and T20 groups was an increase in ONSD, and these differences were also statistically significant (0.07±0.19; P=0.008). Conclusion: Our results revealed that minor head trauma patients using a c-collar may increase ONSD by timeline the clinical effects of which have to be determined with further studies. Enlargement in ONSD should be considered when interpreting ICP.