Showing papers on "Commercial fish feed published in 1998"
TL;DR: Detailed observations on feeding mechanics suggested that size-related changes in suctorial force allowed the exploitation of a broader range of microhabitats with increasing fish size.
Abstract: The mechanisms leading to ontogenetic shifts in prey selectivity are examined for the temperate microcarnivore Cheilodactylus spectabilis (Cheilodactylidae) in north-eastern New Zealand. These fish prey on invertebrates associated with benthic turf and foliose algae, using a suctorial feeding mode combined with oral sorting. All sizes of fish feed in the same shallow-water habitat using the same feeding mode. Dietary analysis revealed that while all sizes of fish consumed similar taxa, the relative proportion of taxa consumed reflected fish size. Juveniles consumed mainly gammarid amphipods while large adults targeted ophiuroids, with an abrupt shift from feeding predominantly on amphipods at 250 mm standard length. This dietary shift loosely coincided with the onset of sexual maturity and a change in growth trajectory, although dietary trends did not differ between sexes. Both juveniles and adults were found to select particular taxa from the available turf micro-fauna, with juveniles consuming smaller sizes of amphipods than adults. Microhabitat use was also found to change ontogenetically. Detailed observations on feeding mechanics suggested that size-related changes in suctorial force allowed the exploitation of a broader range of microhabitats with increasing fish size.
84 citations
TL;DR: The content of digestible energy (DE) in various fish meals, soya protein concentrate and soya bean meal was determined in compound diets for rainbow trout in good agreement with values obtained by calculation based on the chemical composition of the ingredient, the ADC for protein, fat and carbohydrate and the respective combustion values for these nutrients.
77 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Fermented fish products contribute significantly to the protein intake of a large number of the World’s population and are a staple part of the diet in some countries, including Thailand, Kampuchea, Malaysia, Cambodia, Philippines and Indonesia.
Abstract: Fermented fish products contribute significantly to the protein intake of a large number of the World’s population In some countries, such as Thailand, Kampuchea, Malaysia, Cambodia, Philippines and Indonesia in South East Asia, these products are a staple part of the diet Amano (1962) reported that in Cambodia, some 75% of the total dietary protein is derived from fish sauce
74 citations
TL;DR: It was clearly shown that producers have an excellent opportunity to improve the utilization of the resources and decrease feed production costs in places where the natural conditions are favourable, i.e. locations where there is an integrated production of fish farming and processing of wild catch.
Abstract: By-products, by-catch and offal from the fishing industry represent valuable resources of high-quality protein and energy. In order to utilize some of these resources, a method for preparing wet feed for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using a binder produced from seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum L., was developed. The feed was formulated with offal from lean fish (haddock, Melanogrammus aegleflnus L., saithe, Pollachius virens L., pollack, Pollachius pollachius L., and cod, Gadus morhua L.) and fatty fish [mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., and argentine, Argentina silus (Ascanius)], fish meal extruded wheat, capelin oil, vitamin and mineral premix, astaxanthin, and seaweed binder. The feed was gellified in a solution of calcium chloride. Equipment for the production of such feed was developed and the feed tested on a large scale at a commercial salmon farm. As control, a high-fat, extruded, commercial dry feed was used. On a dry matter basis, the two feeds were comparable with respect to protein, fat and carbohydrate. Growth rates, appetite and feed conversion were similar for the two experimental groups. Fish fed dry feed seemed to be more active when handled before slaughter and had a higher incidence of skin damage than fish given wet feed. Chemical and sensory analyses of the fish showed no difference (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Fifty fish from each group were analysed for haemoglobin, protein, lysozyme, complement and haemolytic activity in the blood. There was a significantly higher level of lysozyme in the wet feed group than in the dry feed group, implying an immunostimulating effect of alginate. It was clearly shown that producers have an excellent opportunity to improve the utilization of the resources and decrease feed production costs in places where the natural conditions are favourable, i.e. locations where there is an integrated production of fish farming and processing of wild catch.
56 citations
TL;DR: An unexpectedly high mercury (Hg) level was found in a pelleted commercial fish feed used to feed fish in laboratory and fish farm settings as mentioned in this paper, and no correlation was found between T-Se in the fish feed and T-Hg or T -Se blood level.
Abstract: An unexpectedly high mercury (Hg) level was found in a pelleted commercial fish feed used to feed fish in laboratory and fish farm settings. Mean total Hg (T-Hg) concentration in the commercial fish pellets was 66 ppb (ranging from 35 to 90 ppb). Mean total selenium (T-Se) concentration in the pellets was 1,120 ppb (ranging from 790 to 1,360 ppb). Total Hg and Se in the whole blood of Sacramento blackfish and in the fish feed were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). During a 10-week sampling period T-Hg in blood fluctuated between 35 and 56 ppb. A highly significant, positive correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.01) was found between T-Hg in the fish blood and in the fish feed through the sampling period. On the other hand, no correlation was found between T-Se in the fish feed and T-Hg or T-Se blood level. Researchers working with fish in Hg studies need to know that fish pellets may contain Hg and to consider the influence of these pellets in their results.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sediment survey and a field experiment using indicator particles in fish feed were performed in Lake Southern Bullaren, Sweden, which had a fish farm producing ≈500 tons/year in the early 1990s.
27 citations
TL;DR: The investigated fish included most of the important fish species consumed in Germany, and highest concentrations were found in muscle of marine fish with high or moderate fat content, but also in eel and farmed salmon.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of eight ponds (Au Tau pond system) were constructed at Au Tau Fisheries Office, Hong Kong Agriculture and Fisheries Department, and 1/4 of normal fish feed (peanut cake) were used in the fish ponds.
21 citations
TL;DR: Toxaphene indicator compounds were as well detected in trout and salmon fed with toxaphene residues containing feed, indicating that feed can contribute to toxAPhene contamination of farmed salmon from Europe.
20 citations
Patent•
28 Apr 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for preparing high oil content fish feed pellets is presented, which comprises extruding a mixture of basic components for forming the matrix of fish feed feed pellets together with an additive which is solid under ambient conditions into porous pellets.
Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing high oil content fish feed pellets. The method comprises extruding a mixture of basic components for forming the matrix of fish feed pellets together with an additive which is solid under ambient conditions into porous pellets. The additive is a lipid or a fatty acid. Oil is then absorbed into the thus formed porous pellets to prepare the high oil content fish feed pellets. It is preferred that the additive is either a hydrogenated oil derived from animal or plant origin, or a lipid emulsifier such as a mono-, di- or tri-glyceride. The resulting pellets, which may include up to 50 % by wt. of oil, suffer very little oil leakage during storage and in use.
19 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, a review of nitrogen losses and nitrogen retention in fish is presented, and the authors suggest ways of reducing nitrogen loading to the environment for a sustainable aquaculture program.
Abstract: Nitrogen is essential for the normal growth of fish. It is an important ingredient in fish feed but is very expensive. There is evidence that nitrogen loading from feeding and metabolic activities of fish can cause pollution of the receiving waters. This paper reviews nitrogen losses and nitrogen retention in fish and suggests ways of reducing nitrogen loading to the environment for a sustainable aquaculture program.
Book Chapter•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In 1996, India produced 5.1 million tonnes of fish of which 68% was marketed in fresh form, 12% in frozen form, 14% in dried form and the rest was converted into fish meal or used for other purposes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Fish production and marketing are two important
components of fisheries development. In 1996, India produced
5.1 million tonnes of fish of which 68% was marketed in fresh form, 12% in frozen form, 14% in dried form and the rest was converted into fish meal or used for other purposes.
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In the past two decades there has been an extensive expansion in finfish and shellfish production due to improved methodology for the location and capture of fish, developments in aquaculture, and a soaring world demand for seafood as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Finfish and shellfish are second only to meat and poultry as staple animal protein foods for most of the world. The range of fish products is very large and includes foods prepared by a broad spectrum of both traditional and modern food technology methods. In some countries (e.g. Japan), fish are the principal source of protein. In the past two decades there has been an extensive expansion in finfish and shellfish production due to improved methodology for the location and capture of fish, developments in aquaculture, and a soaring world demand for seafood. The world demand is expected to exceed supply during the late 1990s. As a result of over-fishing, a number of the most popular species are already in short supply and this has led to significant price increases which, in turn, have stimulated world trade, increased the variety of species in international commerce, and encouraged innovations in aquaculture.
Patent•
09 Jun 1998TL;DR: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms in this paper, where the fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish at lower levels and humans near the surface.
Abstract: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms. The fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish at lower levels and humans near the surface. A coating of white material, conveniently a mica/titanium dioxide compound, is appropriate. The enhanced visibility of the feed increases the water feeding volume within the enclosure. This reduces fish congestion and stress upon the fish during the feeding period and increases feeding rate.
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Fish feed manufacturing involves the processing of mixtures of feedstuffs and feed additives into a usable form as mentioned in this paper, and the primary goal is to increase profits of fish production by maximizing the nutritional value of a feedstuff or a mixture of feed stuffs at minimum cost.
Abstract: Fish feed manufacturing involves the processing of mixtures of feedstuffs and feed additives into a usable form. There are several goals and considerations in feed manufacturing, some of which are nutritional and some of which are nonnutritional. The primary goal is to increase profits of fish production by maximizing the nutritional value of a feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuffs at minimum cost. Depending on the fish species and size, this process may range from a simple reduction of particle size to forming feed pellets through steam pelleting or extrusion. Fish feeds are unique compared to feeds used for terrestrial animals grown for food because fish feeds must be processed into water stable pellets, and for many species, must float on the water surface.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new process for drying and coating fish feed containing fish oil has been developed, which is based on an interchange between water and fat inside the feed pellets, using a high temperature oil bath containing marine oil.
Patent•
09 Jun 1998TL;DR: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms as discussed by the authors, where the fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish below the surface and humans near the surface.
Abstract: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms. The fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish below the surface and humans near the surface. A coating of white material, preferably a mica/titanium dioxide compound, is appropriate. The enhanced visibility of the feed increases the water feeding volume within the enclosure. This reduces fish congestion and stress upon the fish during the feeding period and increases feeding rate.
Patent•
09 Jun 1998TL;DR: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms in this article, where the fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish at lower levels and humans near the surface.
Abstract: An enhanced fish feed and a method of feeding fish with the enhanced feed are described for particular use in fish farms. The fish feed comprises pellets which are coated with a material intended to contrast highly with conditions within cages of the fish farm and thereby become visible to fish at lower levels and humans near the surface. A coating of white material, conveniently a mica/titanium dioxide compound, is appropriate. The enhanced visibility of the feed increases the water feeding volume within the enclosure. This reduces fish congestion and stress upon the fish during the feeding period and increases feeding rate.
Patent•
06 May 1998
TL;DR: The red pepper can be a red pepper component and it is added by the ratio of the red pepper 0.1-250 pts. to the 100 pts.wt. of the feed additive oil or a feed raw material and manufacture is performed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide pisciculture feed and a pisciculture feed additive capable of improving meat quality to appropriately include fat and increasing the yield of an edible part. SOLUTION: This fish feed additive oil or fish feed contains red pepper as a meat quality improving agent. The red pepper can be a red pepper component. It is added by the ratio of the red pepper 0.1-250 pts.wt. to the 100 pts.wt. of the feed additive oil or a feed raw material and manufacture is performed.
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the investigation of alternative protein sources in practical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monod, and an in vitro method for measuring protein digestibility of fish feed components.
Abstract: Adler/Nissen, J. 1986. Enzimic hydrolysis of food proteins. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. London andNew York.Akiyama, D.M., Dominy, W.G., Lawrence, A, Penaeid shrimp nutrition. In Fast, A.W. and Lester, J. 1992.(Eds). Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. pp.535-567.Anderson, S.J., Lall, S.P., Anderson, D.M. and McNiven, M.A,. 1993. Evaluation of protein quality in fishmeals by chemical and biological assays. Aquaculture. 115, 305-325.Anggawati, A. M., J. Heruwati, E., 1990.The use of hydrolyzed protein concentrate in practical diets forPenaeus monodon juveniles. Research Institute for Fish Technology, Palmerath, Jakarta .Babbitt, J. R., K. James, D. Pook, Ch. Sanders, J., 1994. Processes for improving the quality of white fishmeal, in 45th Annual Meeting of Pacific Fisheries Technologists, Kodiak, Alaska.Dimes, L.E., Haard, F.M. 1994. Estimation of protein digestibility-I. Development of an in vitro method forestimating protein digestibility in salmonids (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 108A,349-362. (1994).Garcia-Carreno FL., Dimes N., Haard N. 1993. Substrate-gel electrophoresis for composition and molecularweight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors. Analytical Biochemistry. 214(1), 65-69.(1993).Garcia-Carreno FL., Navarrete del Toro MA., Ezquerra M. 1997. Digestive Shrimp Proteinases for theEvaluation of Protein Digestibility. I. The Effect of Proteinase Inhibitors in Protein Ingredients. Journalof Marine Biotechnology. 5, 36-40.Grabner, M. An in vitro method for measuring protein digestibility of fish feed components. Aquaculture,48:97-110. (1985).Lan, C. C. and Pan, B.S., 1993. in vitro digestibility simulating the proteolysis of feed protein in the midgutgland of grass shrimp (Penaeus monodom). Aquaculture, 109:59-70.Pederson, B. and Eggum, B.O., Prediction of protein digestibility an in vitro enzymatic pH-stat procedure.Tierphysiol, Tieternahrg u Futtermittelkde, 49: 277-286. (1983).Papadopoulos, M. C., 1989. Effect of Processing on High-Protein Feedstuffs: A Review, Biological Wastes,29, 123.Sudaryno A., Hoxey M.J., Kailis, S.g. and Evans L.H. 1995. Investigation of alternative protein sources inpractical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monod. Aquaculture. 134, 313-323.Romero, J. C., E. Diaz, A. Reveco, M. Zaldivar, J., 1994. Evaluation of methods to certify the premium qualityof Chilean fish meals, Aquaculture, 124, 351.
Patent•
15 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, a heat-treated fossil shell consisting of humus-soluble crystal produced by the embedding and deposition of various nektons, plankton, algae, seaweed, etc., composed of calcareous material, silicic acid, etc.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To remove the difference between natural fish and cultured fish by the functions of fossil shell to improve the nature of blood and control the color development of aquarium fish. SOLUTION: Fossil shell consisting of humus-soluble crystal produced by the embedding and deposition of various nektons, plankton, algae, seaweed, etc., composed of calcareous material, silicic acid, etc., is heat-treated at 150-300 deg.C to effect the removal of crystal water and the activation of the fossil to obtain a heat-treated fossil shell. The administration of the heat-treated fossil shell to fish for a prescribed period as a mixture with a fish feed is extremely effective as a blood nature improving agent and a color-development adjusting agent for aquarium fish to minimize the difference between natural fish and cultured fish.
Patent•
20 Mar 1998
TL;DR: In this article, a method includes mixing prescription ingredients of feed mixture with fish flour and is distinguished by that, in order to increase quality of feed and to use it for producing non-conventional fish flour, the latter is crushed to particle size 0.1-0.6 mm and washed with water at temperature 40-70 C, while continuously and uniformly adding urea in quantity 0. 1-10% on flour weight.
Abstract: FIELD: food industry. SUBSTANCE: method includes mixing prescription ingredients of feed mixture with fish flour and is distinguished by that, in order to increase quality of feed and to use it for producing non-conventional fish flour, the latter, prior to be mixed with prescription ingredients of feed mixture, is crushed to particle size 0.1-0.6 mm and washed with water at temperature 40-70 C, while continuously and uniformly adding urea in quantity 0.1-10% on flour weight. Washing is effected for 15-180 min under stirring with rotor speed 550-1200 rpm and at flour to water ratio from 1:4 to 1:10. EFFECT: improved quality of fish feed.