Showing papers on "Commercial fish feed published in 2001"

Effect of alternative lipid sources on long‐term growth performance and quality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Abstract: The present study investigates the impact of replacing at least 50% of the fish oil in high-energy salmon diets with other types of oils. Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed six diets differing only in dietary lipid source for 12 months in sea water. The experimental oils were combinations of fish oil and one or two of the following oils: rapeseed, soybean, linseed, palm or poultry oil. Fish oil constituted 40%−50% of the oil mixtures. The fish grew from an average weight of 120 g to 2000 g during the 12 month trial. Except for minor differences in the lipid concentration of trimmed fillets, no significant effects of dietary lipid source were found on growth, survival, body traits or fillet quality. The main dietary effect was observed in the muscle fatty acid composition, which clearly reflected that of the diets. These results show that high-energy diets where 50%−60% of the fish oil is replaced by other lipid sources can produce similar results to diets containing 100% fish oil during the grow out phase of Atlantic salmon in sea. The importance of fillet fatty acid composition on processing and sensory characteristics requires further evaluations.

Evaluation of nitrogenous substrates such as peptones from fish:a new method based on Gompertz modeling of microbial growth.

Abstract: Fish peptones from tuna, cod, salmon, and unspecified fish were compared with a casein one by using a new method based on Gompertz modeling of microbial growth. Cumulative results obtained from six species of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi showed that, in most cases, these fish peptones are very effective. Nevertheless, this study raised some questions about the standardization of fish raw material, the enzymatic hydrolysis of fish proteins, and the composition of the culture medium used for testing the peptones.

Modelling Nitrogen Cycling in a Mariculture Ecosystem as a Tool to Evaluate its Outflow

Abstract: A model was constructed to describe an intensive mariculture ecosystem growing sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), located in the salt marshes of the Fiers d'Ars Bay on the French Atlantic coast, in order to assess nitrogen cycling within the system and nitrogen outflow from the system. The land-based system was separated into three main compartments: a seawater reservoir, fish ponds and a lagoon (sedimentation pond). Three submodels were built for simulation purposes: (1) a hydrological submodel which simulated water exchange; (2) a fish growth and excretion bioenergetic submodel; and (3) a nitrogen compound transformation and loss submodel (i.e. ammonification, nitrification and assimilation processes). A two-year sampling period of nitrogen water quality concentrations and fish growth was used to validate the model. The model fitted the observations of dissolved nitrogen components, fish growth and water fluxes on a daily basis in all the compartments. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged widely and over time from 0·5 to 9 g N m−3within the system, depending on seawater supply and water temperature, without affecting fish growth. Fish feed was the most important input of nitrogen into the system. The mean average input of nitrogen in the feed was 205 kg N day−1, of which 19% was retained by fish, 4% accumulated in the sediment and 61% flowed from the system as dissolved components. The farm represented about 25% of the total dissolved nitrogen export from the bay, although the farm surface area was 100 times smaller than that of the bay.

Culture of Azolla in a pond, nutrient composition, and use as fish feed

Abstract: The aquatic fern Azolla can grow without nitrogenous nutrients because of the presence of the N2-fixing ability of symbiotic Anabaena. Azolla filiculoides Lam. was cultured in a pond and its potential as a fish feed was examined. The extent of growth in the pond (Komoike pond, Sakai) of 1,200 kg/l00 m2 was less than that in a synthetic nutrient solution and in a diluted secondary treated effluent. The gradual decrease of the growth rate in the pond water was mainly due to phosphorus deficiency. The high level of crude protein of Azolla and higher lysine concentration indicated that Azolla plants may be a good source of fish feed. A significantly higher content of dehydro-ascorbic acid (1,909 mg kg-1 dry weight) than that of L-ascorbic acid (10 mg kg-1 dry weight) in Azolla grown for 3 d was observed. There was a gradual increase in the ratio of linolenic acid with aging in the composition of fatty acids in Azolla. In a feeding experiment with Tilapia nilotica, a diet containing 20.7, 34.4, and 48...

Occurrence of bacteria in water and in vendace [Coregonus albula] during rearing in tanks

Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were carried out on vendace larvae and fry, in tank water in the course of fish rearing, and in fish feeds. Quantitative studies comprised bacteria indicatory of water pollution and sanitary state. Qualitative analyses paid attention to bacteria belonging to the different genera and to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The highest number of bacteria was observed for the groups of psychrophilic (TVC 20°C - total viable count of psychrophilic bacteria on broth-agar after 72 h incubation in 20°C), mesophilic (TVC 37°C - total viable count of mesophilic bacteria on broth-agar after 24 h incubation in 37°C), proteolytic and ammonifying microorganisms. Qualitative studies were used to reveal that bacteria from the genera Aeromonas and Flavobacterium, and from the family Enterobacteriaceae were present in fish, while tank water contained bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, and fish feed - those from the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Bacillus.

Effect of Carp and Fish Feed on Yield and Soil Nutrient Availability under Integrated Rice-Fish Culture

Abstract: The field experiment was carried out during the rainy season of 1997 and 1998 in the coastal alluvial soil (initial available N: 171 kg·ha-1, available P2O5: 22.4 kg·ha-1 and available K2O: 156.7 kg·ha-1, pH 7.0) of South 24-parganas district of West Bengal, India. Both grain and straw yield of tall indica rice (variety: NC 492) were significantly higher under all types of carp (Labeo rohita Ham., Catla catla Ham., Cirrhinus mrigala Ham.) over no fish. Application of fish feed not only increased the fish yield by 7% but also increased the grain and straw yield of rice by 19 and 13% respectively. Introduction of carps in rice field and application of fish feed improved the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in soil.

The potential of integrated open-water mussel (Mytilus planulatus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) culture in North West Bay, Tasmania

Abstract: Tasmanian blue mussels (Mytilus planulatus) were cultured at four sites in the vicinity of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farm in North West Bay, Tasmania. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of integrating mussel and salmon culture within a common multi-species marine farm. Filter-feeding bivalves cultured near open fish cages might obtain additional food supplies directly from particulate wastes (excess fish feed and faeces) and indirectly from enhanced phytoplankton production stimulated by dissolved nutrient wastes. Potential benefits of such integration include enhanced bivalve growth, increased productivity of a coastal marine fish farm, and reduced fish farm waste loadings and their associated environmental impacts. Mussels were cultured for fourteen months, suspended from four longlines positioned at increasing distances (70, 100, 500 and 1200 meters) from the Aquatas Pty. Ltd. salmon farm in North West Bay. Mussels were monitored monthly for various growth and biochemical parameters including shell length, whole live weight, meat weights, total biomass, condition index, glycogen content, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N), reproductive development and survival. Water quality and environmental parameters at each longline site were monitored weekly over the same period. The performance of mussels grown within the fish farm lease (70 m and 100 m from the fish cages) was not appreciably different from that of mussels grown distant to the farm. Mussels spawned twice with no differences in biomass production among sites (P > 0.05). The final sample in May 1996 indicated no site differences for any parameter except for shell length (P < 0.0001) and condition index (P < 0.01). However, site differences were minor, with final mean shell lengths and condition (dry meat weight/internal shell cavity capacity) being within 2.0 mm and 17%, respectively. Similar mussel growth was likely due to similarities in environmental parameters among longline sites, most importantly food quantity and quality (POM, chlorophylla, %POM). Growth of mussels cultured within the fish farm was not enhanced due to several contributing factors: (a) solid waste loadings (feed particles and faeces) from the farm were too diluted to significantly increase particulate food concentrations above ambient levels; (b) phytoplankton production within the farm was not enhanced; (c) mussels may have been cultured too distant to intercept settling particulate wastes emanating from the fish cages; and (d) ambient seston concentrations were above, or near, the pseudofaeces threshold concentration for most of the trial period. Therefore, mussels cultured within the farm site were physiologically limited in securing a significant quantity of additional food. Increased bivalve growth through integration with open-water fish culture may only be achievable in coastal areas where ambient food concentrations are below the pseudofaeces threshold for extended periods, particulate fish farm wastes significantly increase particulate food concentrations above ambient levels, and bivalves are cultured in a suitable position to intercept these waste particles.

SEAPURA: Seaweeds purifying effluents from fish farms, an EU project coordinated by the Wattenmeerstation Sylt

Abstract: Mass cultures of marine macroalgae (seaweeds) in the sea or on land serve as an "nutrient extracting aquaculture" reducing eutrophication along the Chinese coast or purifying outflow from intensive fish farms in Israel. This beneficial side-effect of seaweed cultures is also used in the recently SEAPURA project fundet by the EU and coordinated by the Wattenmeerstation Sylt (AWI). Outdoor tank cultures of commercially important, perennial red seaweed species are used for extracting nutrients from fish farms in Spain and Portugal, and accompanying research is conducted in Germany and Northern Ireland. The cultivated seaweed biomass will be used for for the human food market mainly in France, for extraction of pharmaceutical substances, or for fish feed additives, with possible antibiotic effects of the cultivated seaweed. Continuous short-day treatment with automatic blinds on top of the cultivation tanks will be used for year-round activation of cell division in the cultivated red algae for preventing the naturally occurring summer dormancy of perennial seaweeds.

Estimation of Nutrient Requirements in Aquatic Animals

Abstract: The formulation and manufacture of fish feed, the principal cost factor in fish production, must be based on sound information regarding nutritional requirements. The nutrient requirements for aquatic species can be assessed by either fitting a broken line by the method of least squares or fitting a polynomial regression curve to the data. The possible use of the model are discussed, an idealized example is given and the model is applied to the interpretation and description of a growth experiment in which fish/crustacean are fed diets varying in concentration of specific nutrient. The concepts of nutrient requirement estimation in aquatic species and in human beings are compared.

Carotenoid and polyphenol added feed for improving fish body colour tone and fish meat brilliance

Abstract: An inexpensive cultured fish feed contains a prescribed amount of proanthocyanidin to thereby make an addition amount of carothenoid small. Proanthocyanidin is added by 0.004 - 0.04 weight percent to a culture feed containing crothenoid.

Applications of fish nutrition research in aquaculture: the Taiwan experience

Abstract: Fish is an important dietary animal protein in Taiwan. Fish production has increased from 20 000 tonnes (t) in 1938 to over 300 000 t today. The change in feed inputs from trash fish to formulated feeds enabled industrial production of fish food. Nutrition studies for shrimp began in the 1970s and continue today. Stable ascorbic acid derivatives have allowed industrial production of shrimp feeds and the development of the extensive production systems in Taiwan and elsewhere in Asia.

Growth and Feed Utilization Efficiency of Osteobrama belangeri Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Protein

Abstract: Osteobrama bdayjgeri (Valenciennes), having mean initial body weight of 5.44±0.01g were fed different pelleted diets containing, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% crude protein. Fish meal was used as the source of protein. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of diets containing 30-40% protein were satisfactory. Best results were observed with diet containing 40% protein, with a daily average weight gain of 0.161 g. There was no improvement in the growth and carcass protein content of fishes fed 50% protein compared to the fish fed 40% protein. The increase in body weight was proportional to the protein content in diet.

Zeolite additive for animal feed and method of using same

Abstract: Method of reducing the level of ammonia in an aquatic environment used for commercially raising and harvesting fish. A fish feed composed of the usual materials is combined with a zeolite additive. The combination forms a composition which is fed to the fishes and allows for the increased removal of ammonia from the fish enclosure in both non-circulating and recirculating aquatic or aquacultural systems. The removal of the ammonia has several advantages which allows increased production, particularly in aquacultural fish harvesting systems where water is recirculated.

Cultured fish carotenoid and polyphenol added feed for improving fish body color tone and fish meat brilliance

Abstract: An inexpensive cultured fish feed contains a prescribed amount of proanthocyanidin to thereby make an addition amount of carothenoid small. Proanthocyanidin is added by 0.004-0.04 weight percent to a culture feed containing crothenoid.

Gelled foodstuff for aquatic animals

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a gel-like feed for aquatic animals, especially fish, shrimps and invertebrates, in fresh and sea water, usable as replacement of frost feed for the nutrition of warm and cold water ornamental fish in an aquarium. An ornamental fish feed is preferred which contains 0.001-50% of gel former, 0.1-90% of natural feed and, depending upon the purpose of use, further additives, in the case of a water content of 20-99%. A feed is especially preferred which contains 0.1-10% of gel former, 1-20% of natural feed and, depending upon the purpose of use, further additives in the case of a water content of 50-99%.

PCR-RFLP typification of microbes used in the production of a fermented fish product

Abstract: The preservation of various fresh fish products is achieved by either smoking, salting, canning, freezing or fermenting a highly perishable raw product. Since many of these facilities are not readily available, the use of fermentation as a means of preserving the product has been extensively practiced. However, the fermentation of fish is a time consuming practise and only by accelerating the process would it be possible to ensure the production of a more cost effective and readily available safe end-product. The quality of the fermented fish product is partially determined by the fermentation conditions and the metabolic activity of the microbes present. The rapid identification of the microbes present during the fermentation would enable the selection of possible starters to ensure an accelerated production of high quality fermented fish products. This study was thus undertaken to develop identification fingerprints for bacteria isolated from fermented fish products. A 1300 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA genes of each of the bacteria previously isolated was successfully amplified using the PCR technique. The isolates included strains of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Sphingomonas, Kocuria, Brevibacillus, Cryseomonas, Vibrio, Stenotrophomonas and Agrobacterium. The data obtained can, therefore, be used in the identification of these microbes isolated from other similar fermented fish products. The fingerprints could also be used to assist in determining the dominant microbial populations responsible for the characteristic qualitative changes occurring in the fish product during fermentation. The microbial composition of a fermenting fish product partially determines the quality of the end-product, therefore, the use of selected bacterial starters could result in the accelerated production of a microbial safe fermented fish product. A further objective of this study was to accelerate the production of a fermented fish product by inoculating macerated trout with either selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or with selected bacteria with high proteolytic activity over a 30 day fermentation period. The LAB included a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus diacetylactis and Pediococcus cerevisiae strains, whereas the bacteria with high proteolytic activity included strains of Kocuria varians, Bacillus subtilis, two strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and a combination of these Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za/

The fish feeds as the type of pipe pellet and soft drying for the floating to fill the air in the sea or house pool.

Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing fish feed that is tubular soft particle shaped to be floated with air and nutritions therein is provided to serve a high functional fish feed rising to the surface of water repeatedly and promoting growth of fish. CONSTITUTION: The method includes the following steps of: (i) collecting and refining intestines of squid and adding black feed additives containing abundant amino acid and ω3- unsaturated fatty acid to the cleared intestines; (ii) filling the mixed materials in a bin and forming the feed materials to have an air chamber where air is injeccted forcibly therein by extruding the materials; (iii) passing the formed tubular soft particle type of feed through a screen belt not to be stuck to each other to evaporate the outer moisture; (iv) coating the resulting tubular soft particle type of feed with fat and oil to protect the air chamber inside the tubular feed; and then (v) passing the coated feed through the screen drying belt to be hardened.

Bacillus subtilis-containing cultured fish feed and method for producing the feed

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a cultured fish feed further lowering conversion coefficient and death rate through specifying the number of Bacillus subtilis to be added to the feed and capable of preventing fishing places from becoming deteriorated through quick decomposition of excrement of the cultured fish in water owing to excellent digestive and absorbing ability of the feed. SOLUTION: This cultured fish feed is obtained by mixing by addition Bacillus subtilis activated by adding water to the Bacillus subtilis so as to bring the water content of the Bacillus subtilis to 60-100% with a feed having as the main raw material an animal material and a vegetable material such as flour and corn starch; wherein the number of Bacillus subtilis per feed is (1×10 ) to (5×10 ).

Feed production salmonides (atlantic salmon or rainbow trout) which increases growth rates, digestibility of protein and fat and feed utilisation of fish

Abstract: A method for production of fish feed comprising fish products and standard feed components and fish feed products. Ammonium-, sodium- or potassium diformate, comprising formic acid or mixtures thereof are included in the fish products prior to their further processing and mixing with the other feed components. The final fish feed contains preferably 0.3-2.5 weight % formates based on the total feed.

Zum Stellenwert von Fischmehl in der Aquakultur

Abstract: The worldwide aquaculture production amounts to about one third of the world fishery catch. While the world fishery catch in the last years is stagnating and an increase is not to be expected, the aquaculture rose by about 10 % annually. This rate of growth is also predicted for the next years. Fish meal and oil forms a key position for the further development of aquaculture, specially for carnivorous fish species, of which the salmonids will gain an increasing economic importance, not only on the European, but also on the Japanese and American markets. Without an adequate supply of fish meal and oil for the production of these fish species, the expected product quality cannot be realized under economic conditions. Fish meal and oil are commonly produced from small pelagic fish species, which, at present and in the near future, have no importance for direct human consumption. Since December2000 the use of fish meal and oil in Germany is only allowed for use in aquaculture and petfood. However, conclusive arguments for a ban on the utilization for other animal feeds do not exist so far. The European Union continues to allows feeding of other animals – except ruminants – with fish meal under certain control measures.

Overview of the marine fish hatchery industry in Taiwan

Abstract: Although fish culture itself is an age-old tradition in Taiwan, it was in the 1960s that the first successes on artificial propagation were achieved, with several species of Chinese carps and tilapias. The first marine fish to be bred in captivity was the grey mullet; it was first induced to spawn in 1968. Various other species have since been added to the list of propagated marine fish. The characteristics of the marine fish hatchery industry in Taiwan are outlined, considering both the outdoor pond and indoor tank systems. Future prospects are very good; Taiwan now exports marine fish larvae and fingerlings to many of its Asian neighbours and there are some 60 marine fish species for which commercial larval production is possible.

Substituting the fish oil component of aquaculture diets with canola oils : influence of oil grade on its value to a marine fish.

Abstract: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, Volume 13 (2001) The need for dietary oil in aquaculture feeds has seen considerable use of fish oil, the aquaculture industry now being the world’s largest user of this finite resource (Glencross 2000). Several possible alternatives have been identified for salmonids, one being canola oil (Thomassen and Rosjo 1989) but there is little information on either their suitability for use in diets for marine fish or the influence that the processing grade of the oil has on its nutritional value. We examined the influence of progressively diluting the fish oil content of a diet for juvenile red seabream (Pagrus auratus) with either refined or crude canola oils at replacement increments of 25%. Additional treatments included a negative control, where all of the added oil was replaced with inert dietary filler, and a positive control diet with additional fish oil to demonstrate the utilisation of the oil components of the test diets. Feed intake and growth were monitored over an eight–week period. There was no deterioration in performance with the use of refined canola oil whether it replaced some Substituting the fish oil component of aquaculture diets with canola oils: influence of oil grade on its value to a marine fish