Showing papers on "Conscientiousness published in 1989"

Five robust trait dimensions: development, stability, and utility.

Abstract: Interest has grown in recent years in a five-factor model for the organization of personality characteristics. A brief history of the development of this model is given. It is evident that the model is very general, across variations in raters and ratees and across languages. There is also evidence that the structure of personality inventories reflects this model. Although most of the studies that have demonstrated the model have utilized either self-report inventories or have relied on ratings, there is clear evidence that both ratings and inventories are importantly related to actual behavior. A longitudinal study of children's personality traits is reported. Evidence for the five-factor model is examined, including data for the stability over time of characteristics organized in terms of the model. One trait of particular focus in this study has been Factor 3, often interpreted as Conscientiousness but here referred to as Will to Achieve because of its high correlations with formal measures of educational achievement. Studies indicate that this dimension is responsible for much of the variance in achievement left unexplained by aptitude measures.

Strangers' Ratings of the Five Robust Personality Factors: Evidence of a Surprising Convergence With Self-Report

Abstract: Attempted to replicate and extend the results of Passini and Norman (1966), who found surprising evidence ofconver~nt validity (i.e., significant correlations with the targets' self-ratings) in strangers' judgments of 5 broad personality factors. In the current study, 250 previously unacquainted Ss were run in small, same-sex groups of various sizes. Ss rated both themselves and their fellow group members on the same set of 20 bipolar trait scales used by Passini and Norman. Consistent with previous research, significant self-peer agreement correlations were obtained for Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Ratings of Agreeableness also sho~xt significant convergent validity when a sufficient number of peers rated the target. More generally, self-peer agreement correlations tended to rise as the number of peer raters increased. Possible explanations for the validity of strangers' trait ratings are discussed.

Sex differences in the prediction of academic achievement using the Children's Motivation Analysis Test.

Abstract: Summary. The Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT), together with standardised achievement tests in mathematics and reading, was administered to a large sample of Australian elementary school children. Stepwise forward regression analyses were conducted on subsamples of 209 males and 179 females (cases with missing data previously excluded). Several of the CMAT dynamic traits significantly predicted achievement scores. The most useful predictors were conscientiousness (Superego) and family (Home) orientation. These results, based on objective motivation measurement, represent the beginnings of a new approach for research into children's motivation structure.

Personality Correlates of Coping with Military Basic Training

Abstract: : Substantial associations between personality traits and coping style under stress were identified in recruits going through U.S. Navy basic training. The personality trait of conscientiousness was related to active problem solving efforts, while neuroticism was related to self-blame and wishful thinking. Unique coping styles could not be clearly identified for the personality dimensions of openness, agreeableness, and extraversion. The findings link stable psychological traits to situational coping reactions that may influence morale, performance, and health. These associations provide information that can be useful for models to explain how stable traits are translated into psychological processes that determine the effects of exposure to demanding situations. Keywords: Stress (Psychology), Naval personnel, Naval training.

Cross-institutional stability of behavioral criteria desirable for success in radiology residency.

Abstract: Certain dimensions of job performance are critical to radiology residents, and several of these dimensions are noncognitive in nature (eg, interpersonal skills, conscientiousness, recognition of limits). Our initial study examined these factors in only one residency program, so the general nature of these dimensions must be documented. The current study was a cross institutional analysis involving 31 faculty radiologists at three separate academic institutions (82% of total faculty) who participated in a critical incident interview to obtain data on important resident behaviors and attitudes. The resultant 172 incidents were sorted by two physicians into the six categories (knowledge, technical skills, attitudes toward self and [both recognitions of limits and confidence in abilities], conscientiousness, curiosity, and interpersonal skills); inter-rater reliability was 92%, kappa = .89. A Chi square analysis revealed similar distributions of incidents across categories (x2 12 = 17.22) among the three institutions, supporting the general reliability of these dimensions across the institutions studied. Further, the distributions of these incidents demonstrated that the noncognitive dimensions again were given considerable importance by faculty radiologists. For example, more than 40% of the critical incidents pertained to the conscientiousness dimension. These findings documented the generalization of these behavioral dimensions across several sites and support their importance in selection and evaluation of residents.