Showing papers on "Corporate sustainability published in 2007"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined whether corporate sustainability has an impact on market value using large US non-financial firms from 1999 to 2002 in order to find a significantly positive relation between corporate sustainability and its market value.
Abstract: A new movement reconciling corporate sustainability and investment is gaining world-wide attention. Whether corporate sustainability has an impact on market value is examined using large US non-financial firms from 1999 to 2002 in this paper. Taking Tobin’s q as the proxy for firm value, a significantly positive relation between corporate sustainability and its market value is found. We also find a strong interaction effect between corporate sustainability and sales growth on firm value. Moreover, there is evidence to support that being sustainable causes a firm to increase its value. This indicates that companies with remarkable sustainable development strategies are more likely to be rewarded by investors with a higher valuation in the financial markets.
381 citations
TL;DR: In 2003, the Institute for Sustainable Management at the University of OAS in Aargau, North-Western Switzerland, instigated a research project to perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of corporate sustainability reporting in one country (Switzerland) and is the second and, at the time, most comprehensive national study worldwide on reporting practices as discussed by the authors.
344 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an activity-based management methodological framework is used as a vehicle to frame decisions using corporate sustainability, as defined by its "triple-bottom line" factors of economic, environmental, and social dimensions.
Abstract: The concept of sustainability has become increasingly important for organizations and has permeated a number of managerial and organizational decisions. Sustainability, as defined by its ‘triple-bottom line’ factors of economic, environmental, and social dimensions, is the underlying framework we use to develop and apply a strategic justification tool for project evaluation with sustainability implications. An activity-based management methodological framework is used as a vehicle to frame decisions using corporate sustainability. An illustrative application of this technique demonstrates how an organization could select between two competing reverse logistics providers. This process requires that we introduce issues relevant to three major sustainability factors (and their sub factors) and how they are influenced by a reverse logistics provider decision. The dual contribution of this paper includes investigating the design and development of the strategic sustainability evaluation framework and introduci...
208 citations
TL;DR: The role of communications in corporate sustainability processes is discussed in this article, where the authors notice that companies engage in communications about sustainability issues for marketing, business, and/or societal reasons, and linkages between recent theoretical approaches to public relations and the concept of corporate sustainability communications are established.
Abstract: Sustainable development, as defined in the Brundtland Report (Brundtland Commission 1987), aims to meet the needs of both current and future generations. On the company level, implementing sustainability should guarantee longterm success and requires not only support of top management, but also networking of several other corporate systems. The aim of this article is to frame the role of communications in corporate sustainability processes. The authors notice that companies engage in communications about sustainability issues for marketing, business, and/or societal reasons. In addition to that, linkages between recent theoretical approaches to public relations and the concept of corporate sustainability communications are being established. Professionalization is recognized as important to secure the evolving field of action for public relations practitioners.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the up-and-coming sustainability online reporting approach in four categories: medium-specific trends in the field are observed, new opportunities emerging for corporate sustainability communication are identified, and Limitations are discussed that should be considered when moving away from early reporting stages towards the advanced one of online reporting.
Abstract: Online reporting describes an emerging digital reporting approach based on support through current information and communication technology (ICT), particularly on the internet. Such a computer-based method provides an array of medium-specific capabilities and technical benefits to improve sustainability communication, both for companies (reporters) and their various stakeholders (report users). Compared with orthodox methods, online reporting used for sustainability communication overcomes the limitations of paper-based disclosure, such as ‘one size fits all’ reports, print medium fixation and one-way communication. The contribution gives an outline on this up-and-coming sustainability online reporting approach in four categories. (i) Medium-specific trends in the field are observed. (ii) New opportunities emerging for corporate sustainability communication are identified. (iii) A framework for sustainability online reporting is presented. (iv) Limitations are discussed that should be considered when moving away from early reporting stages towards the advanced one of sustainability online reporting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use climate change as an example to illustrate how institutional, resource-based, supply chain and stakeholder views are all important to characterize and understand corporate strategic responses to one issue.
Abstract: Purpose – The strategic management of corporate sustainability tends to be approached from one theoretical perspective in academic research and publications in mainstream journals simultaneously. In corporate practice, however, a sustainability issue has different dimensions that cannot be captured if only one such lens is taken. The purpose of this article is to develop a more integrated perspective, embedded in a stakeholder view.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses climate change as an example to illustrate how institutional, resource‐based, supply chain and stakeholder views are all important to characterize and understand corporate strategic responses to one issue. This is subsequently linked to the climate strategies and related capabilities of companies, reckoning with societal and competitive contexts.Findings – What a corporate climate strategy looks like depends on the type of stakeholders that a company manages more proactively, which is in turn determined by the extent to which these ...
124 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the development of total quality management from the very beginning to the present and give a proposal for a redefinition for the future, to reach this purpose, experiences and problems from the past are described and corporate sustainability as a new frame discussed.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of total quality management (TQM) from the very beginning to the present and to give a proposal for a redefinition for the future.Design/methodology/approach – To reach this purpose, experiences and problems from the past are described and corporate sustainability as a new frame discussed.Findings – Many attempts to imitate the “Japanese Way” in Western companies failed, because they were only using some instruments (often focused on product quality) and not understanding the necessity of a fundamental change of culture. Globalization and international competition lead to the introduction of National Quality Awards and their use by a growing number of companies. But the term of “quality” was not promoting these concepts, therefore all international award models do not use the term quality any longer. And as TQM has also been driven by consultants, many companies gave up this approach. As the contents of TQM are still a necessity for any org...
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed methods design was employed featuring semi-structured interviews with managers (sustainability experts, business managers from various functions) and external stakeholders; and self-completion questionnaires (also targeting sustainability experts and business managers) to collect complementary quantitative data.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fill the void of empirical cross‐industry research in the area of corporate sustainability management and its business case.Design/methodology/approach – Nine industries (oil and gas, utility, aviation, automotive, chemical, pharmaceutical, technology, financial services and food and beverage) are compared in terms of their environmental and social issues, the pressure they face from their stakeholders, and the resulting business case for corporate sustainability. For this approach, a mixed methods design was employed featuring semi‐structured interviews with managers (sustainability experts, business managers from various functions) and external stakeholders); and self‐completion questionnaires (also targeting sustainability experts and business managers) to collect complementary quantitative data. It was possible to draw upon more than 400 interviews and 1,100 questionnaires.Findings – It was ascertained that the business case is clearly sector‐specific and diff...
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodology to support the new era of sustainable development for all the three areas, which implements the triple bottom line (TBL) accounting mechanism by using quantitative models.
Abstract: Since the 1970s the purpose of the environmental protection campaign has been to try to halt the gradual deterioration of our natural habitat Reactive and pro-active strategies were developed to incorporate environmental and social concerns into economic development beyond regulatory compliance In this research, we present a methodology to support the new era of sustainable development for all the three areas, which implements the triple bottom line (TBL) accounting mechanism by using quantitative models A broad TBL framework is developed to track and categorize sustainability information at the corporate level through a sustainability index system A ‘sustainability optimization’ model incorporates environmental and social costs and values into economic activities to support the decisions of the management This methodology can help decision makers to make ‘green’ plans, and provide strategic directions for future development
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the requirements and options for environmental policy to induce sustainability-related learning processes in corporations are analyzed and the impacts of different policy instruments on these processes are discussed, and the particular nodes where public policy can influence corporate learning processes are the central focus of these considerations.
Abstract: The concept of sustainable development implies the need for organizational learning in business corporations to find innovative solutions. In this context, the paper analyzes the requirements and options for environmental policy to induce sustainability-related learning processes in corporations. It discusses the impacts of different policy instruments on these processes.
Initially, the particular challenges of organizational learning for sustainability are being sketched out. Drawing on organizational learning studies, a subsequent section of the paper addresses fundamental elements and drivers for organizational learning processes on different levels in business corporations. The particular nodes where public policy can influence corporate learning processes are the central focus of these considerations. On this basis, we examine existing policy instruments frequently used in environmental policy with regard to their potential to foster learning processes towards sustainability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and compare the outcomes of an annually repeated project, assessing the corporate reporting practice in the 250 largest Swiss companies, over a time frame of three years (2003-2005).
Abstract: This paper presents and compares the outcomes of an annually repeated project, assessing the corporate reporting practice in the 250 largest Swiss companies, over a time frame of three years (2003–2005). Focusing on the quantitative and qualitative corporate sustainability disclosure, the study attempts a review of the Swiss corporate reporting practice by using a benchmark approach, as an alternative to content analysis, in order to supply best-practice examples for companies and open the door towards a more dialogical approach. Supported by the findings of Kolk, Gray, Unerman etc. as well as critique aired by Thomson and Bebbington and by Solomon and Darby, the study and its results are discussed and reflected upon in a conceptual and practical context. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper studied the complicated and dynamic environment for engaging China's SMEs in corporate sustainability, and found that the most important motivation for SMEs' sustainable engagement was improving corporate image, followed by governmental legislation.
Abstract: Given the SMEs a heterogeneous group in the Chinese society due to their inherent characteristics, this paper takes a preliminary step to look into the complicated and dynamic environment for engaging China's SMEs in corporate sustainability. It aims to provide insight into how China's SMEs perceive and practice sustainability, and to explore key drivers and barriers behind their environmental and social engagement. Findings reveal an apparent contradiction in the current status of China's SMEs towards sustainability: a high level of concern vs. a low level of engagement. The most important motivator appears to be improving corporate image, followed by governmental legislation. While barriers hindering SMEs' sustainable engagement vary, predominant problems involve a lack of awareness and perception, insufficient financial resources and insufficient or ill-suited external support. Accordingly, the paper highlights three areas for China's SMEs' further improvements: education, communication and cooperation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed semi-structured interviews with top and middle managers and site observations at two frozen seafood processing companies used as case studies to gain a clearer understanding of key determinants that drive corporate sustainability and barriers that hinder its development.
Abstract: Purpose – The main purpose of this study is to gain a clearer understanding of key determinants that drive corporate sustainability and barriers that hinder its development.Design/methodology/approach – The study employs semi‐structured interviews with top and middle managers and site observations at two frozen seafood processing companies used as case studies.Findings – The study reveals that the government, local communities, and top management leadership are the three primary factors influencing company integration of environmental and social responsibility into corporate strategies and practices. Interestingly, international buyers do not take the environmental and social impact generated by their suppliers into purchasing decisions. For them, quality, safety and prices are the main factors influencing their purchasing decisions. The two elements identified as the major barriers to change are: lack of a long‐term view of environmental and social sustainability and absence of a system perspective on th...
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Avastone Corporate Sustainability Study (ACSS) as discussed by the authors explores the untapped realm of leader mindsets, including the nature of their development and the correlation between leader mindets and realization of complex sustainability goals.
Abstract: With the goal of examining sustainability through a new lens and uncovering how business organizations are reconciling their role in the world today and into the future -- and what it will take to realize that future -- Avastone Consulting conducted the Avastone Corporate Sustainability Study (ACSS). The ACSS draws on investigations with ten prominent corporations, each with substantial sustainability experience and varying degrees of achievement. The study report charts progress of the ten companies across five stages or gears, with the most advanced stage (5th Gear) extending further than other models. The 5th Gear vision and activity required -- and the current chasm in organizations' attention to 5th Gear -- is a significant finding important to the future of sustainability. The report also explores the untapped realm of leader mindsets, including the nature of their development and the correlation between leader mindsets and realization of complex sustainability goals. It synthesizes the information from the ACSS and related research to discern what is required for organizations to activate and successfully power up the gears of sustainability.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Maignan and Ralston as mentioned in this paper found that 78.8% of the UK firms, 70.8 % of the Dutch firms, 62.1 % of French firms, and 47 % of U.S. firms mentioned the environment as a concern of the firm.
Abstract: Environmental responsibility, increasingly recognized as a central aspect of corporate social responsibility, is important not only for recreational sport firms, but for all sport organizations. Three primary motivations for sport firms to embrace environmental responsibility as a management competency are advanced. First, sound environmental stewardship is necessary to halt environmental degradation, maintain livable environments, and ensure the long-term economic health of the sport industry as a whole. Second, due to their unique relationships to their customers, sport organizations are positioned to become leaders in creating environmental awareness. Third, taking informed steps toward environmental responsibility can result in substantial economic benefits to sport organizations through more efficient resource usage and an enhanced image. Introduction: In recent years, the view that corporate social responsibility is an appropriate competency for business organizations has strengthened (e.g., Hopkins, 2003; Maignan & Ralston, 2002; Medhurst & Richards, 2003; Whitehouse, 2006). Despite the increasing concern with corporate social responsibility among both businesses and academicians, relatively little literature has focused specifically on it within the area of sport management. Notable exceptions include Bradish (2006), Chernushenko (2001), and Hums, Barr, and Guillion (1999). Certainly, business organizations in the sport industry cannot be excepted from conversation about corporate social responsibility. Like all types of enterprise, those with sport as a main focus are open systems. As such, they have relations with numerous stakeholder groups inside and outside the organization, operate within particular localities, and make use of a variety of resources. Hums et al. (1999) recognized this relevance by identifying issues related to social responsibility that confront managers in each of five major areas of the sport industry-professional sport, intercollegiate sport, health and fitness, recreational sport, and facility management. One of the most important aspects of corporate social responsibility is the idea that business organizations have responsibilities to the natural environment (Werhane and Freeman, 1999; Wood, 1991). Such environmental responsibilities are often discussed under the heading of corporate sustainability. However, as evidenced by presentations at the 2002 Corporate Sustainability Conference in Rotterdam, corporate sustainability is evolving into a broader concept which, like corporate social responsibility, embraces social issues (van Marrewijk, 2003a). For the sake of clarity, in this paper the notion of environmental responsibility will be termed simply that. The fact that environmental responsibility has become an important consideration for businesses is reflected in findings by Maignan and Ralston (2002), who examined the websites of large companies in four countries: the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The researchers found that 78.8% of the UK firms, 70.8% of the Dutch firms, 62.1% of the French firms, and 47.1% of the U.S. firms mentioned the environment as a concern of the firm. Though the researchers did not investigate how adequately the companies' actions matched their communications, the findings showed that many large companies, especially in Europe, claim to take environmental responsibility seriously. Like the broader notion of corporate social responsibility, environmental responsibility is an important issue for organizations in the sport industry. Hums et al. (1999) recognized this by pointing out that environmental issues are proper concerns for managers in the area of recreational sports management. This is especially obvious for organizations in which business revolves around one or another outdoor sport which makes use of the natural environment. Whether the recreational sport enterprise is relatively large, such as a ski resort or a golf course, or small, such as a scuba diving operation, it is in the organizations' interest to be good stewards of that environment. …
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The authors found that employees from a subculture with a stronger emphasis on hierarchical and bureaucratic values emphasize an economic understanding of corporate sustainability and that these differences can be partially explained by the presence of organizational subcultures and by differences in employee awareness of the organization's sustainability practices.
Abstract: In this paper we present findings of how employees from a single organization understand corporate sustainability. Responses from 255 survey participants indicate that (1) differences exist in how employees understand corporate sustainability and that (2) these differences can be partially explained by the presence of organizational subcultures and by differences in employee awareness of the organization’s sustainability practices. In particular, findings reveal that employees from a subculture with a stronger emphasis on hierarchical and bureaucratic values emphasize an economic understanding of corporate sustainability. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Book Chapter•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The potential for sustainability research and backpacker studies to influence one another is explored in this paper, with a particular focus on the conceptual development and style of the work and its current directions.
Abstract: The potential for sustainability research and backpacker studies to influence one another is explored in this chapter. Each area of analysis is considered with a particular focus on the conceptual development and style of the work and its current directions. The questions about the potential for influencing future studies are asked in both directions viz. how can backpacker research contribute to sustainability discussions and how can sustainability analysis shape research into backpacking? It will be argued that there are a number of easily identified contributions in each direction, in particular more studies of the impacts of backpacker behaviour and more studies of the corporate sustainability status of backpacker businesses. The possibilities for mutual influence extend beyond these direct liaisons. In particular the kinds of insights about
non-compliance behaviour undertaken in backpacker health offer insights into non-compliance in the sustainability domain. Importantly this kind of work marries two territories of backpacker studies - sociological and utilitarian or market-oriented routes. Additionally the potential to create global archives of studies for meta-analysis and data mining can also be identified as a consequence of considering the intersection of backpacker studies and sustainability research. Overall the mutual insights that a joint consideration of these two areas generates builds the promise of enlivening and even transforming future backpacker studies.
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The oikos case writing competition as mentioned in this paper was the first case-writing competition to address the problem of sustainability in corporate Sustainability, where the goal was to find an excellent case for a business case.
Abstract: Part 1: Introduction 1.1. Preface 1.2. Cases in Corporate Sustainability: What Makes an Excellent Case? 1.3. Teaching Notes: Combining Contents with Concepts 1.4 Introduction to the Cases Part 2: Managing Multiple Value Creation Processes Case 1. Seventh Generation: Balancing Customer Expectations with Supply Chain Realities Daniel R. Goldstein and Michael V. Russo, University of Oregon Case 2. Phoenix Organic: Valuing Sustainability While Desiring Growth Eva Collins and Steve Bowden, Waikato School of Management, New Zealand, and Kate Kearins, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Case 3. Kimpton Hotels: Balancing Strategy and Environmental Sustainability Murray Silverman, San Francisco State University, USA, and Tom Thomas, US EPA, San Francisco Case 4. Environmental Product Differentiation by the Hayward Lumber Company Magali Delmas, Erica Plambeck and Monifa Porter, Stanford Graduate School of Business, USA Part 3: Innovative Partnership Models Case 5. Transforming the Global Fishing Industry: The Marine Stewardship Council at Full Sail? Alexander Nick, IMD Lausanne, Switzerland Case 6. Purchasing Strategies and Sustainability: The Migros Palm Oil Case Jens Hamprecht, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and Daniel Corsten, London Business School, UK Part 4: Sustainability Strategies in the South Case 7. Hindustan Lever Aileen Ionescu-Somers, Ulrich Steger and Wolfgang Amann, IMD Lausanne, Switzerland Case 8. Building a Sustainable Venture: The Mountain Institute's Earth Brick Machine John Buffington, Sustainable Value Partners, and Ted London, University of Michigan, USA Case 9. City Water Tanzania Kevin McKague, York University, Canada, and Oana Branzei, Ivey School of Business, Canada Part 5: Responsible Business Models and Stakeholder Tension Case 10. The Body Shop: Social Responsibility or Sustained Greenwashing? Debapratim Purkayastha and Rajiv Fernando, ICFAI Center for Management Research, Hyderabad, India Case 11. Mobility Car-sharing Kai Hockerts, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Case 12. Catamount Energy and the Glebe Mountain Wind Farm: Clean Energy versus NIMBY Robert Letovsky, St Michael's College, USA Part 6: Resources 6.1 Guidelines for Case Writing 6.2 International Case Writing Competitions 6.3 Case Collections and Journals 6.4 About the oikos Case Writing Competition: Concept and Award Committee 6.5 About oikos 6.6 Literature
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theoretical framework for the existence and supply of non-financial information on financial products by financial institutions in the Portuguese investment market (comprising of banks and fund and investment companies).
Abstract: Purpose – This work draws on important issues that are related to all socio‐economic agents. We refer to Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Socially Responsible Investments (SRIs), arguing on the clear benefits they provide to companies and financial institutions. The main empirical objective of this work is to show a theoretical framework for the existence and supply of non‐financial information on financial products by financial institutions in the Portuguese Investment Market (comprising of Banks and Fund and Investment Companies – FIMCs).Design/methodology/approach – Overall, 55 Banks and 41 FIMCs, were analysed, totalling 96 observations for analysis. The paper studies the supply of non‐financial information (i.e. social and environmental information) regarding the financial products in the Portuguese investment market (comprising of Banks and Fund and Investment Management Companies). Through surveys’ analysis, which were sent to 96 of these financial institutions, we conclude...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use climate change as an example to illustrate how institutional, resource-based, supply chain and stakeholder views are all important to characterise and understand corporate strategic responses to one issue.
Abstract: The strategic management of corporate sustainability tends to be approached from one theoretical perspective simultaneously in academic research and publications in mainstream journals. In corporate practice, however, a sustainability issue has different dimensions that cannot be captured if only one such lens is taken. This paper uses climate change as an example to illustrate how institutional, resource-based, supply chain and stakeholder views are all important to characterise and understand corporate strategic responses to one issue. It aims to develop a more integrated perspective, embedded in a stakeholder view that forms the starting point. This is subsequently linked to the climate strategies and related capabilities of companies, reckoning with societal and competitive contexts. The paper provides an overview of the different elements relevant to corporate strategy and climate change, and, for academic purposes, proposes areas for further empirical research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of implementing international management standards and highlighting the factors which hinder corporate adoption in Hungary is discussed based upon a conceptual framework related to the importance of corporate internalization of the sustainability requirements, and corporate social responsibility is treated in relation to hierarchical levels of sustainability.
Abstract: Based upon a conceptual framework related to the importance of corporate internalization of the sustainability requirements, the paper discusses the role of implementing international management standards and highlights the factors which hinder corporate adoption in Hungary. Corporate social responsibility is treated in relation to hierarchical levels of sustainability. A concise and comparative review is given about the related principles and the use of the ISO 9001 quality standard, the ISO 14001 environment standard, the EMAS, as well as the AA1000 and SA8000 social standards and the GRI Reporting recommendation.
01 Jan 2007
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a conceptual framework to analyse and evaluate joint projects of business clusters, based on a pentagonal inquiry, a SWOT-analysis of the cluster activities is made from a legal, economic, spatial, technical and social (LESTS) perspective.
Abstract: Clustering industrial activities proves to be an excellent lever for redirecting companies towards corporate social responsibility. Though it could be discussed whether the concept of industrial clusters itself is apt to foster sustainability, there is consensus that business parks should be overall managed from a triple bottom line perspective. Eco-industrial parks represent a mere accumulation of individual firms engaged in sustainable entrepreneurship. Yet they can also be considered as a matrix for synergetic effects, since they yield the opportunity to embark the hosted companies in activities that create higher win-win situations than solo-activities ever can. Hence, interfirm clustering is considered as a high potential concept, although it needs to be established within a strong and managerial organisation and it requires scrutiny from various points of view. Far too often cooperative activities fail due to legal inconveniences that entail disagreement and dispute. Moreover, no joint activity proves to be viable if it doesn't cause financial profit. Spatial care, technical feasibility of cluster projects and stakeholder management complete the angular points of the scrutiny and, for nearly 5 years, nourish the multidisciplinary research of interfirm collaboration. This paper presents a conceptual framework to analyse and evaluate joint projects of business clusters. Through a pentagonal inquiry, a SWOT-analysis of the cluster activities is made from a legal, economic, spatial, technical and social (LESTS) perspective. Pondering the ecology (environmental), quality and comfort (human) and business (economic) outcome. The scanning method is tested on a variety of industrial sites, from newly developed business parks over settled industrial clusters to harbour communities. The scans clearly demonstrate the potential to corporate sustainability, based upon the sec interfirm relations, as well as the actual status of the sustainability process in all five angular points. The method is proven to be simple and accurate in revealing determinants, partly contingent in nature, that outline the double-scans. The intercept between potential and actual status indicates the progress of business parks evolving to sustainable terrains. By merging the determinant factors with the angular intercepts, the scope of future activities can be set out. The span of activities is either broadened in total number of cluster projects or adequately dispersed over the five cluster poles. ERSCP 07 Basel UGent MRB Paper Sustainability scanning of eco-industrial parks p.1/20 ruimtebeheer m ieu & r i t r m ieu m ieu m ieu Sustainability scanning of eco-industrial parks
TL;DR: With its focus on using and consuming less, much of today's debate about sustainability is negative and misconceived by learning from nature we can chart a much richer, more positive way forward as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: With its focus on using and consuming less, much of today’s debate about sustainability is negative and misconceived By learning from nature we can chart a much richer, more positive way forward