Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1971"
TL;DR: In this paper, specificity, verifiability, and message credibility are discussed in the context of message credibility and specificity in speech, and the authors propose a framework for verifying message credibility.
Abstract: (1971). Specificity, verifiability, and message credibility. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 393-401.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 2-by-2 by 2-2-By-2 design, Ss received a persuasive message from either a high or low credibility source, heard the message either one or five times, and were tested as to immediate attitude and delayed attitude (4 weeks).
Abstract: In a 2 by 2 by 2 design, Ss received a persuasive message from either a high or low credibility source, heard the message either one or five times, and were tested as to immediate attitude and delayed attitude (4 weeks) Results indicate that message repetition facilitates the persistence of attitude change, particularly for that elicited by the high credibility source An unexpected finding was higher message recall in the high than in the low credibility source treatment
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of vocal cues on credibility and attitude change in Western Speech has been investigated, and the results show that vocal cues have a significant effect on attitude change.
Abstract: (1971). The effect of vocal cues on credibility and attitude change. Western Speech: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 176-184.
20 citations
17 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the role of discerning evaluations, as opposed to discriminating evaluations per se, in producing the "gain effect" described in Aronson and Linder's (1965) gain-loss model of interpersonal attraction.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward-oriented and punishment-oriented appeals were examined in conjunction with initial credibility on attitude change and terminal credibility and the results showed that reward and punishment appeals did not differentially affect either attitude change or perceived credibility.
Abstract: The effects of reward-oriented (pleasure) and punishment-oriented (fear) appeals were examined in conjunction with initial credibility on attitude change and terminal credibility. Ss were exposed to either a reward-oriented or a punishment-oriented message by either a high-credible or low-credible source. Reward and punishment appeals did not differentially affect either attitude change or perceived credibility. Both types of appeals produced substantial attitude change when presented by a high-credible source, neither produced significant change when presented by a low-credible source.
13 citations
12 citations
TL;DR: This article found that positive dispositions were associated with greater positivity of ratings, and that an increase in the number of like-valued traits did not reduce the disposition effect, and several alternatives were advanced to account for the latter unexpected finding.
Abstract: An experiment is reported in which Ss varying in evaluative dispositions, or initial impressions existing prior to presentation of stimulus traits, rated sets of traits of varying size. High or low credibility was ascribed to traits via instructions. Positive dispositions were associated with greater positivity of ratings. This disposition effect was more pronounced under low credibility instructions. Both findings were in agreement with previous findings and with a weighted average model of information and disposition integration. Contrary to predictions, an increase in the number of like-valued traits did not reduce the disposition effect. Several alternatives were advanced to account for the latter unexpected finding.
8 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a multiple regression equation to measure the correlation among successive years' claim rates, where claim rates are expressed in relation to those rates anticipated by the manual premium rating system.
Abstract: This paper deals with credibility as applied to group insurance, where the problem is to estimate the future claim rate of a group as a function of both its own past claim rate and the average claim rate observed for similar groups. First, the concept of the manual premium rate is briefly discussed. The manual rate embodies the actuary's subjective estimate of future claim experience and has only limited basis in fact. The approach to credibility is to measure the correlation among successive years' claim rates, where claim rates are expressed in relation to those rates anticipated by the manual premium rating system. Credibility factors are determined as the correlation coefficients in a multiple regression equation relating one year's claim rate to the claim rates in prior years and to the average claim rate for all similar groups. A sample of the application of the new theory to some actual comprehensive major medical claim experience discloses that, for this coverage, one year of prior claim experience is almost as good an indicator of future experience as two years. The paper concludes with a brief comparison with previous theories of credibility. Previous theories have generally rested upon the hypothetical existence of "true" claim rates underlying the rates actually observed, but there is no reason to believe in their existence.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a possible application on the rating of excess of loss covers of Mr. Buhlmann's work on Experience Rating and Credibility, which leads to a relatively complicated formula when considering the average excess claim amount, and, on the other, to a rather simple one for the credibility factor of the number of excess claims.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe a possible application on the rating of excess of loss covers of Mr. Buhlmann's work on Experience Rating and Credibility). One of the most important problems in connection with the rating of such treaties consists in estimating the number of excess claims and the average excess claim amount. Especially with cases where claims data are scarce there is a temptation to estimate these two quantities by means of the credibility theory. This approach leads, on the one hand, to a relatively complicated formula when considering the average excess claim amount, and, on the other, to a rather simple one for the credibility factor of the number of excess claims.
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: For instance, this paper pointed out that the professional preparation of social studies teachers has included little work in international affairs, and university students have rarely had the opportunity to break away from the confining atmosphere of campus life.
Abstract: In an attempt to deal with this question, Americans have traditionally given the social studies teacher the primary responsibility of developing in his students a sense of world citizenship and an appreciation of other peoples and other ways of life. In spite of this responsibility, however, the professional preparation of social studies teachers has included little work in international affairs, and university students have rarely had the opportunity to break away from the confining atmosphere of campus life. The common failure of professional schools to incorporate an international dimension into programs for social studies teachers-in-training, coupled with the teacher’s charge to teach for world understanding, has led to
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of visual aids and speaker credibility on attitude change, communicative effectiveness, speaker credibility, and retention in a persuasive message presented on video tape were investigated.
Abstract: Considerable emphasis has been placed by educators and communication scholars upon the use of audiovisual materials as a means of improving communication both in public speaking and in classroom instruction. The present study was designed to determine the effects of visual aids and speaker credibility on attitude change, communicative effectiveness, speaker credibility, and retention in a persuasive message presented on video tape. The results of the study seem to indicate that visuals do affect credibility and retention.
01 Jun 1971
TL;DR: This article used Rotter's 1-E scale as a measure of the extent to which an individual feels that rewards are either contingent upon his own behavior or are controlled by forces outside of himself.
Abstract: : Using Rotter's 1-E Scale as a measure of the extent to which an individual feels that rewards are either contingent upon his own behavior or are controlled by forces outside of himself, a determination was made of the extent to which persons who were classified as internals or Externals would be influenced by arguments emanating from sources either high or low in credibility. A 2 x 2 x 5 analysis of varriance was performed on the data using attitude toward the extension of maritime boundaries as the major dependent variable. In the between-countries analysis, two main effects--those due to credibility and nationality--were significant. (Author)
TL;DR: The credibility of a civil engineer's view will be greatly enhanced with objective analyses, protection of the right to make technical judgments, and clear representation of his political views as distant from his technical wisdom.
Abstract: Policy development is an integral and essential part of civil engineering. Throughout history, the civil engineer, or more accurately, anyone who advised the government on public works facilities, was an influential part of the system. But in intuitive processes of the past, assumptions as to what constitutes the “public good,” and combining policy development with policy implementation can no longer be embraced by one who proposes to be striving for the present and continuing improvement of mankind. The credibility of a civil engineer’s view will be greatly enhanced with objective analyses, protection of the right to make technical judgments, and clear representation of his political views as distant from his technical wisdom.
Journal Article•