Showing papers on "Dalfopristin published in 2019"
TL;DR: Diverse STs of E. faecalis, including strains associated with common nosocomial infections are circulating in the healthcare facility of Saudi Arabia and carried multi-drug resistance, which has important implications for infection control.
Abstract: Enterococcus faecalis is a ubiquitous member of the gut microbiota and has emerged as a life- threatening multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogen. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and epidemiologically important strains of E. faecalis in the western region of Saudi Arabia using phenotypic and whole genome sequencing approaches. In total, 155 patients positive for E. faecalis infection were included in this study. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF, and screen for antimicrobial resistance using VITEK-2 system. Genome sequencing was performed with paired-end strategy using MiSeq platform. Seventeen sequence types (STs) were identified through multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of the E. faecalis genomes, including two novels STs (ST862 and ST863). The most common STs in the Saudi patients were ST179 and ST16 from clonal complex 16 (CC16). Around 96% (n = 149) isolates were MDR. The antibiotics quinupristin/dalfopristin, clindamycin, and erythromycin demonstrated almost no coverage, and high-level streptomycin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin demonstrated suboptimal coverage. Low resistance was observed against vancomycin, linezolid, and ampicillin. Moreover, 34 antimicrobial resistance genes and variants, and three families of insertion sequences were found in the E. faecalis genomes, which likely contributed to the observed antimicrobial resistance. Twenty-two virulence factors, which were mainly associated with biofilm formation, endocarditis, cell adherence, and colonization, were detected in the isolates. Diverse STs of E. faecalis, including strains associated with common nosocomial infections are circulating in the healthcare facility of Saudi Arabia and carried multi-drug resistance, which has important implications for infection control.
35 citations
TL;DR: The results showed frequent occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow’s milk and confirmed the high rate of their antimicrobial resistance.
Abstract: Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of enterococci in inflammatory secretions from mastitic bovine udders and to assess their antimicrobial resistance. Material and methods A total of 2,000 mastitic milk samples from cows were tested in 2014-2017. The isolation of enterococci was performed by precultivation in buffered peptone water, selective multiplication in a broth with sodium azide and cristal violet, and cultivation on Slanetz and Bartley agar. The identification of enterococci was carried out using Api rapid ID 32 strep kits. The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the MIC technique. Results Enterococci were isolated from 426 samples (21.3%). Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (360 strains), followed by E. faecium (35 isolates), and small numbers of others. The highest level of resistance was observed to lincomycin, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid), erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tylosin. Single strains were resistant to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were sensitive to daptomycin. E. faecalis presented a higher level of resistance in comparison to E. faecium, except to nitrofurantoin. Conclusion The results showed frequent occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow's milk and confirmed the high rate of their antimicrobial resistance.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this pan-EU survey of commensal enterococci, antibiotic susceptibility varied widely between antibiotics, animal species, countries and enterococcal species.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES The European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA) programme collects zoonotic and commensal bacteria from healthy food-producing animals at slaughter and tracks their susceptibility to medically important antibiotics. Results for enterococci, collected over three time periods, are presented. METHODS Intestinal contents from cattle, pigs and chickens were randomly sampled (five or six countries/host; at least four abattoirs/country; one sample/animal/farm) for isolation of enterococci; antimicrobial susceptibilities were centrally assessed by CLSI agar dilution. Clinical breakpoints (CLSI) and epidemiological cut-off values (EUCAST) were applied for data interpretation. RESULTS In total, 2435 Enterococcus faecium and 1389 Enterococcus faecalis strains were recovered. Seven E. faecium/faecalis strains were linezolid resistant. One E. faecium strain was non-WT (NWT), with a daptomycin MIC of 8 mg/L. Clinical vancomycin resistance was very low or absent; eight strains had decreased susceptibility (MICs of 8 mg/L). Two strains were clinically resistant to tigecycline. Little resistance to ampicillin or gentamicin was observed. Clinical resistance of E. faecium to quinupristin/dalfopristin was slightly higher (2.2%-33.6%) and 38.5%-83.2% of the strains were classified NWT. Very high resistance to tetracycline (67.4%-79.1%) and erythromycin (27.1%-57.0%) was noted for E. faecium and E. faecalis in pigs and chickens. For both of these compounds, similar NWT results were observed for Enterococcus hirae (n = 935), Enterococcus durans (n = 286) and Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 154) whereas the percentage of NWT for linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin was generally zero or low. CONCLUSIONS In this pan-EU survey of commensal enterococci, antibiotic susceptibility varied widely between antibiotics, animal species, countries and enterococcal species. Clinical resistance to antibiotics that are critically important for human medicine was absent or low, except for erythromycin.
30 citations
TL;DR: This is the first multiplex PCR assay to simultaneously detect eight virulent genes in Enterococcus spp.
Abstract: Enterococcus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause lameness in broiler chickens, resulting in serious economic losses worldwide. Virulence of Enterococcus spp. is associated with several putative virulence genes including fsr, efm, esp, cylA, cad1, ace, gelE, and asa1. In this study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the simultaneous detection of these virulence genes in Enterococcus spp. was developed, and detection limits for E. faecium, E. faecalis, and E. hirae were 64.0 pg/μL, 320.0 pg/μL, and 1.6 ng/μL DNA, respectively. Among 80 Enterococcus isolates tested, efm and cad1 were detected in all 26 E. faecium samples, and only cad1 was observed in E. hirae. Additionally, the presence of virulence genes in 25 E. faecalis isolates were 100% for cad1, 88.0% for gelE, 64.0% for fsr, 44.0% for asa1, 16.0% for cylA, and 4.0% for esp. No virulence genes were found in E. gallinarum isolates. A total of 49 isolates were resistant to tigecycline and to at least 2 different classes of antibiotics. The most prevalent resistance was to ciprofloxacin (73.5%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (55.1%), and tetracycline (49.0%). No strains were resistant to vancomycin or linezolid. This is the first multiplex PCR assay to simultaneously detect eight virulence genes in Enterococcus spp., and the method provides diagnostic value for accurate, rapid, and convenient detection of virulence genes. Additionally, we report the prevalence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates from commercial broiler chickens suffering lameness.
16 citations
TL;DR: The first case of the successful intraventricular plus intravenous use of tigecycline to treat VP shunt infections caused by daptomycin resistant VRE faecium is described.
13 citations
TL;DR: It is found that cefotaxime- and ceftriaxone-non-susceptible PRGBS isolates occur at relatively high rates in Japan and suggests that the range of drugs likely to be effective in treating PRG BS infections may be limited compared with those available for PSGBS infections.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES We have previously identified group B Streptococcus (GBS) clinical isolates with reduced penicillin susceptibility (PRGBS) that were non-susceptible to cefotaxime; however, the rates of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone non-susceptibility among PRGBS isolates have never been reported. Therefore, we first determined the MICs of 22 antibacterial drugs/compounds for 74 PRGBS isolates and then determined the rates of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone non-susceptibility among these isolates. METHODS We used 74 clinical PRGBS isolates, previously collected in Japan and confirmed to harbour relevant amino acid substitutions in PBP2X. We also used 80 penicillin-susceptible GBS (PSGBS) clinical isolates as controls. The MICs of 22 antibacterial drugs/compounds for all 154 GBS isolates were determined via microdilution and/or agar dilution methods, as recommended by the CLSI. RESULTS The rates of non-susceptibility/resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and levofloxacin for the 80 PSGBS isolates were 0%, 0%, 0% and 30%, respectively, but were 15% (P = 0.0003), 28% (P < 0.0001), 36% (P < 0.0001) and 93% (P < 0.0001) for the 74 PRGBS isolates, respectively. No PRGBS isolates were identified to be non-susceptible to meropenem, doripenem, vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin or linezolid. CONCLUSIONS We found that cefotaxime- and ceftriaxone-non-susceptible PRGBS isolates occur at relatively high rates in Japan. Importantly, this finding suggests that the range of drugs likely to be effective in treating PRGBS infections may be limited compared with those available for PSGBS infections; therefore, clinicians should exercise care when considering drug choice and efficacy for PRGBS infections.
12 citations
TL;DR: Those in vitro results suggest that antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis should be the primary antimicrobials investigated for the treatment of pythiosis in animals and humans.
Abstract: We tested 25 isolates of Pythium insidiosum to investigate their susceptibility to antibacterial drugs that act through inhibition of protein synthesis or other mechanisms of action. We observed that tetracycline, erythromycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, Synercid (quinupristin and dalfopristin), chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cetrimide, and crystal violet had inhibitory activity against P. insidiosum. Those in vitro results suggest that antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis should be the primary antimicrobials investigated for the treatment of pythiosis in animals and humans.
10 citations
TL;DR: In S. aureus causing BSIs, antibiotic resistance was higher in penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin; all strains were utterly susceptible to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin.
Abstract: Background: Evaluating the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance genes is essential in the clinical management of bloodstream infections (BSIs). Nevertheless, there are still limited studies in Northern Vietnam.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and methicillin-resistant encoding genes of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causing BSIs in Northern Vietnam.
METHODS: The cross-sectional study was done from December 2012 to June 2014 in two tertiary hospitals in Northern Vietnam. Tests performed at the lab of the hospital.
RESULTS: In 43 S. aureus strains isolating, 53.5 % were MRSA. Distribution of gene for overall, MRSA, and MSSA strains were following: mecA gene (58.1 %; 95.7%, and 15%), femA gene (48.8%, 47.8%, and 50%), femB gene (88.4%, 82.6%, and 95%). Antibiotic resistance was highest in penicillin (100%), followed by erythromycin (65.1%) and clindamycin (60.5%). Several antibiotics were susceptible (100%), including vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin. Quinolone group was highly sensitive, include ciprofloxacin (83.7%), levofloxacin (86%) and moxifloxacin (86%).
CONCLUSION: In S. aureus causing BSIs, antibiotic resistance was higher in penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. All strains were utterly susceptible to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin.
8 citations
TL;DR: The high level of resistance conferred by some corresponding resistance genes to macrolides, lincosamides and quinolones of GBS isolates from pregnant women in southern China, has reinforced the necessity for monitoring GBS strain resistance to the above agents.
Abstract: Introduction This study aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR), molecular determinants of AMR and virulence, as well as clonal relationship of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from women at 35-37 weeks of gestation in the Chaoshan metropolitan area of southern China. Methodology Bacterial strains isolated from vaginal swabs were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using a Vitek 2 Compact system (BioMerieux, France). Resistance and virulence genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the clonal relationship was analysed by multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS software, version 19.0. Results All GBS were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin, but a considerable proportion was resistant to clindamycin (29.67%), erythromycin (46.15%)， azithromycin (63.74%), tetracycline (84.62%) and quinolones (25.27%). The carrier rates of ermB (69.04%) and mefA/E (64.28%) were detected in these GBS strains resistant to erythromycin. In terms of MLVA detection, 91 GBS strains were categorized into 43 genotypes and 6 clusters. All GBS harboured hylB and cylE genes, most of which carried a combination of PI-1 and PI-2a genes as a common virulence gene profile. Conclusions The high level of resistance conferred by some corresponding resistance genes to macrolides, lincosamides and quinolones of GBS isolates from pregnant women in southern China, has reinforced the necessity for monitoring GBS strain resistance to the above agents. Comparative genetic studies of GBS isolates, especially efforts to understand the relationship between pilus islands and genotype, were essential for conducting infection control and epidemiological comparisons between countries.
7 citations
29 Nov 2019
TL;DR: Wastewater treatment processes can be managed to limit the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants into the surrounding environment and the BAF system outperformed the CAS system for the removal of enterococci/VRE.
Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are points of control for the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were used as indicators of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in two WWTPs (biologically aerated filter (BAF) and conventional activated sludge (CAS)) in the same municipality. The removal and abundance of enterococci and VRE as well as the species and antimicrobial resistance profiles of VRE were assessed. Enterococci and VRE from the primary and final effluents were enumerated. Results were assessed from an ecological context. VRE was not selected for by either WWTP but the BAF system outperformed the CAS system for the removal of enterococci/VRE. Enterococcus faecalis (n = 151), E. faecium (n = 94) and E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (n = 59) were the dominant VRE species isolated. A decrease in levofloxacin resistance in enterococci was observed in the BAF WWTP. An increase in nitrofurantoin resistant (p < 0.001) and a decrease in quinupristin/dalfopristin (p = 0.003) and streptomycin (p = 0.022) resistant enterococci were observed in the CAS WWTP, corresponding to a shift of VRE from E. faecalis to E. faecium. Wastewater treatment processes can be managed to limit the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants into the surrounding environment.
6 citations
TL;DR: In vitro anti-mycoplasma activity of daptomycin is demonstrated and its application as a new mycoplasmas decontamination method for Rickettsia and Orientia cultures is demonstrated.
Abstract: Mycoplasma contamination detrimentally affects cellular functions and the growth of intracellular pathogens in cell cultures. Although several mycoplasmacidal agents are commercially available for sterile cell cultures, they are not applicable to rickettsia-infected cells. In our attempt to find an anti-mycoplasma drug for contaminated rickettsial cultures, we determined the susceptibilities of three common Mycoplasma species to daptomycin. Mycoplasma orale and M. arginini showed low-level resistance to daptomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 2 mg/L), whereas M. hyorhinis was high-level resistant (MIC = 32 mg/L). However, some Mycoplasma isolates developed higher resistance to daptomycin after failed treatments with inadequate doses or durations. An aminoglycoside (gentamicin) was still active against M. hyorhinis and could be used in Orientia cultures. For complete eradication of mycoplasmas in Rickettsia cultures, we recommend a 3-week treatment with daptomycin at 256 mg/L. In contaminated Orientia cultures, daptomycin at 32 mg/L was effective in eradicating M. orale, whereas either gentamicin or amikacin (100 mg/L) was effective in eradicating M. hyorhinis. Unlike each drug alone, the combinations of daptomycin plus clindamycin and/or quinupristin/dalfopristin proved effective in eradicating M. hyorhinis. In summary, our study demonstrated the in vitro anti-mycoplasma activity of daptomycin and its application as a new mycoplasma decontamination method for Rickettsia and Orientia cultures.
TL;DR: The draft genome sequence of S. aureus CIP108540 will provide valuable information for a better understanding of its genetic makeup and resistome, and several antimicrobial resistance genes were identified conferring resistance to various antibiotics.
Abstract: Objectives Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Treatment of these infections with macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics has led to resistance to these antibiotics via various mechanisms. S. aureus strain CIP108540, isolated from a human in France, has been previously shown to exhibit resistance to the streptogramins quinupristin and dalfopristin; the presence of streptogramin resistance genes was verified by PCR. However, the extent of MLS resistance genes in this strain is unknown. This study analysed the genome sequence of S. aureus CIP108540 to assess genes associated with antimicrobial resistance, including to streptogramins. Methods Genomic DNA of S. aureus CIP108540 was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. The generated sequencing reads were de novo assembled using A5-miseq. Results The draft genome size was 3 014 273 bp with a GC content of 32.72%. There were 3063 predicted coding sequences with 59 tRNAs. Several antimicrobial resistance genes were identified conferring resistance to various antibiotics. Conclusion The draft genome sequence of S. aureus CIP108540 released here will provide valuable information for a better understanding of its genetic makeup and resistome.
03 Mar 2019
TL;DR: Antibiotic susceptibility results should be taken into consideration during planning the treatment of infections and VISA/hVISA isolates should be considered in treatment failures of infections due to MRSA which are in vitro susceptible to vancomycin.
Abstract: Objective: Nasocomial infections are major health problems due to their high morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital duration and higher treatment costs. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus species became one of the leading bacteria causing nasocomial infections especially in intensive care units, recently. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of an antibiotic gives the concentration of antibiotic needed to inhibit the bacteria in the infection area. Careful monitoring of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values is necessary especially during long-term treatments of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) infections 1,2 . Increasing antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococci, has led to the need for different antibiotics. Methods: A total of 60 meticillin-resistant staphylococci strains isolated in Microbiology Laboratory of Dicle University Hospital, from clinical specimens of patients in adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) between April 2013 and March 2014 were included in this study. After identification with conventional and automated system, the antibiotic susceptibility rates of vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tigecycline, ceftaroline were determined by E-test method. Results: The majority of the samples (26.7%) were sent from Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis intensive care unit and the blood samples were the most common materials (80%) . All staphylococcal strains in our study were determined as susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin and tigecycline. One (1.6%) MRCoNS isolate was resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin while 11 (36.6%) of the MRSA isolates were resistant to ceftaroline. In comparison with the MIC values of MRSA and MRCoNS, only tigecycline was significantly different. Thirty MRSA strains were evaluated in terms of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus /heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA/hVISA) with macro E-test method; any VISA/hVISA isolate was not detected. Antibiotic concentrations below the MIC level, not only leads to treatment failure but also causes mutant bacteria to appear. In order to control the resistance to antibiotics in the treatment of infections due to MRSA and MRCoNS agents, the clinician should be notified of the MIC values of the drugs and the treatment should be planned accordingly. VISA/hVISA isolates should be considered in treatment failures of infections due to MRSA which are in vitro susceptible to vancomycin. Further testing is needed to detect these isolates. Despite the fact that ceftaroline is not a drug used in our country, the high resistance rate in our study is remarkable. This situation may be due to the intensive use of other beta-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, antibiotic susceptibility results should be taken into consideration during planning the treatment of infections. The high average MIC values of tigecycline in MRCoNS infections should also be monitored carefully