Showing papers on "Division (mathematics) published in 2011"

Universal rule for the symmetric division of plant cells

Abstract: The division of eukaryotic cells involves the assembly of complex cytoskeletal structures to exert the forces required for chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In plants, empirical evidence suggests that tensional forces within the cytoskeleton cause cells to divide along the plane that minimizes the surface area of the cell plate (Errera’s rule) while creating daughter cells of equal size. However, exceptions to Errera’s rule cast doubt on whether a broadly applicable rule can be formulated for plant cell division. Here, we show that the selection of the plane of division involves a competition between alternative configurations whose geometries represent local area minima. We find that the probability of observing a particular division configuration increases inversely with its relative area according to an exponential probability distribution known as the Gibbs measure. Moreover, a comparison across land plants and their most recent algal ancestors confirms that the probability distribution is widely conserved and independent of cell shape and size. Using a maximum entropy formulation, we show that this empirical division rule is predicted by the dynamics of the tense cytoskeletal elements that lead to the positioning of the preprophase band. Based on the fact that the division plane is selected from the sole interaction of the cytoskeleton with cell shape, we posit that the new rule represents the default mechanism for plant cell division when internal or external cues are absent.

Novel Design of Wilkinson Power Dividers With Arbitrary Power Division Ratios

Abstract: In this paper, a stub-loaded transmission line that is used to design Wilkinson power dividers with arbitrary power division ratios is discussed in depth. Power division is always required in most wireless/wireline communications such as industrial systems and consumer electronics. However, the design of an unequal Wilkinson power divider, particularly with a large division ratio, becomes a challenge in engineering because of the impractical realization of the high- or low-impedance transmission lines on a dielectric substrate. In this paper, we first introduce a transmission-line structure and perform theoretical analysis. The derivations reveal that the studied structure can be utilized to design Wilkinson power dividers with equal or unequal power divisions. For demonstration purposes, two power dividers with division ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 9, respectively, and operating in the popular industrial, scientific, and radio-frequency identification frequency bands are implemented by loading distributed transmission-line elements, namely, open- or short-circuited stubs. The demonstrators are also fabricated and validated by measurements, and good agreement between the experimental results and the simulated responses is observed.

Academic Clustering: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Division I Football Program

Abstract: As NCAA Division I coaches feel greater pressure to produce winning teams while ensuring that athletes remain eligible and progress toward degrees to avoid sanctions under the NCAA’s academic reform initiatives, concerns regarding the clustering of athletes into limited numbers of academic majors has increased. Academic clustering occurs when 25% or more of the members of one team share a single academic major (Case, Greer, & Brown, 1987). Recent studies have extended the analysis of clustering to include the disparate impact on white and minority football players in a single athletic conference (Fountain & Finley, 2009), as well as consideration of female basketball players throughout Division I (Paule, 2010). To date, these studies have provided a snapshot of teams for a given season. This study extends the understanding of clustering by examining one football program over a period of ten years, which allowed for greater understanding of the movement of players into and out of majors, especially the movement into a clustered major midway through their academic experience. Media guides from one BCS football program were used to track the listed majors of 349 players, from 2000 through 2009. Results indicated that players migrated into a single clustered major over time and that a significant number of touted recruits and National Football League draftees selected the clustered major. Further, players who had listed general education (University Studies) in their first media guide appearances frequently selected the clustered major.

Improved Division by Invariant Integers

Abstract: This paper considers the problem of dividing a two-word integer by a single-word integer, together with a few extensions and applications. Due to lack of efficient division instructions in current processors, the division is performed as a multiplication using a precomputed single-word approximation of the reciprocal of the divisor, followed by a couple of adjustment steps. There are three common types of unsigned multiplication instructions: we define full word multiplication (umul), which produces the two-word product of two single-word integers; low multiplication (umullo), which produces only the least significant word of the product; and high multiplication (umulhi), which produces only the most significant word. We describe an algorithm that produces a quotient and remainder using one umul and one umullo. This is an improvement over earlier methods, since the new method uses cheaper multiplication operations. It turns out that we also get some additional savings from simpler adjustment conditions. The algorithm has been implemented in version 4.3 of the gmp library. When applied to the problem of dividing a large integer by a single word, the new algorithm gives a speedup of roughly 30 percent, benchmarked on AMD and Intel processors in the x86_64 family.

Quantum Division Circuit Based on Restoring Division Algorithm

Abstract: This paper presents a new quantum circuit for implementation of division operation in n-qubit quantum processors based on restoring division algorithm. In the proposed circuit we tried to reduce the number of ancillaqubits as many as possible using quantum fourier transform so that the circuit could be easily generalized for the case of any arbitrary values of dividend and divisor.

Nonparametric estimation of the division rate of a size-structured population

Abstract: We consider the problem of estimating the division rate of a size-structured population in a nonparametric setting. The size of the system evolves according to a transport-fragmentation equation: each individual grows with a given transport rate, and splits into two offsprings of the same size, following a binary fragmentation process with unknown division rate that depends on its size. In contrast to a deterministic inverse problem approach, as in (Perthame, Zubelli, 2007) and (Doumic, Perthame, Zubelli, 2009), we take in this paper the perspective of statistical inference: our data consists in a large sample of the size of individuals, when the evolution of the system is close to its time-asymptotic behavior, so that it can be related to the eigenproblem of the considered transport-fragmentation equation (see \cite{PR} for instance). By estimating statistically each term of the eigenvalue problem and by suitably inverting a certain linear operator (see previously quoted articles), we are able to construct a more realistic estimator of the division rate that achieves the same optimal error bound as in related deterministic inverse problems. Our procedure relies on kernel methods with automatic bandwidth selection. It is inspired by model selection and recent results of Goldenschluger and Lepski.

ROM-less LNS

Abstract: The logarithmic number system has been proposed as an alternative to floating-point arithmetic. Multiplication, division and square-root operations are accomplished with fixed-point methods, but addition and subtraction are considerably more challenging. Recent work has demonstrated that these operations too can be done with similar speed and accuracy to their FP equivalents, but the necessary circuitry is complex. In particular, it is dominated by the need for large ROM tables for the storage of non-linear functions. This paper describes two algorithms, a new co-transformation procedure and an improvement to an existing interpolation method, that reduce these tables to an extent that allows their easy synthesis in logic. An implementation shows substantial reductions in area and delay from the previous best 32-bit realisation, with equivalent accuracy.

Method for realizing trunking traffic and trunking user terminal

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for realizing trunking traffic and a trunking user terminal The method is realized in a digital trunking communication system based on a time division long term evolution (TD-LTE) technique In the digital trunking communication system based on the TD-LTE technique, a logical channel and a transmission channel which are used for realizing the trunking traffic arenewly added, wherein the logical channel is a trunking paging control channel (TPCCH) and a trunking traffic channel (TTCH), the transmission channel is a trunking paging transmission channel (TPCH),and identifications and mapping approaches which are used for distinguishing the logical channel from the other logical channels are respectively defined for the TPCCH and the TTCH Through the TPCCH, paging and control messages, such as the call setup, the call release, the discourse right notice and the like of the trunking traffic, are loaded Through the TTCH, the data messages of the trunking traffic are loaded By applying the scheme of the invention, call setup time can be shortened, and resource utilization ratio can be increased

Data processing system and method

Abstract: The invention provides a data processing system comprising means for grouping a plurality of data elements into a single case structure for processing; means for classifying and division of data within the case structure into one or more workflows; and means for managing the status of activities of the workflows within the case structure such that individual data elements are processed simultaneously in parallel by a workflow engine.

Division between encrypted integers by means of Garbled Circuits

Abstract: Available protocols for dividing encrypted numbers in a privacy preserving framework are quite onerous Different solutions based on Homomorphic Encryption were proposed in the past years, but only a few of them - addressing specific cases - can be implemented efficiently so that division is often the bottleneck in protocols for privacy preserving computation Moreover, no efficient solution for integer division between two secret values is available, thus making it difficult to compute the division between the result of previous computations whose output has to be kept secret to all the involved parties In this paper we propose a novel solution for privacy preserving integer division that relies on Garbled Circuit theory The protocol can be easily adapted to work with public, private and secret inputs and included in hybrid protocols wherein primitives relying on Homomorphic Encryption and Garbled Circuits coexist We analyze the complexity of the new protocol, comparing it with existing homomorphic solutions The execution time of a real implementation of the protocol is also provided

Stationary Size Distributions of Growing Cells with Binary and Multiple Cell Division

Abstract: Populations of unicellular organisms that grow under constant environmental conditions are considered theoretically. The size distribution of these cells is calculated analytically, both for the usual process of binary division, in which one mother cell produces always two daughter cells, and for the more complex process of multiple division, in which one mother cell can produce 2n daughter cells with n=1,2,3,… . The latter mode of division is inspired by the unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The uniform response of the whole population to different environmental conditions is encoded in the individual rates of growth and division of the cells. The analytical treatment of the problem is based on size-dependent rules for cell growth and stochastic transition processes for cell division. The comparison between binary and multiple division shows that these different division processes lead to qualitatively different results for the size distribution and the population growth rates.

Multistage network division-based preliminary screening method for matched roads and map matching system

Abstract: The invention discloses a multistage network division-based preliminary screening method for matched roads and a map matching system, and belongs to a map matching technology of global position system (GPS) mobile vehicle data. By performing first segment division on the whole map, positioning of a first divided segment, second segment division, positioning after the second division and third screening serving as a preliminary screening result, and selecting a road section meeting the final target in the preliminary screening result as a matched road section, namely a running road section based on the preliminary screening result by combined screening judgment, the problems of low preliminary screening speed and inaccurate enough locking region are solved when the map matching technology processes mass matching in the prior art.

P systems with active membranes working in polynomial space

Abstract: We prove that recognizer P systems with active membranes using polynomial space characterize the complexity class PSPACE. This result holds for both confluent and nonconfluent systems, and independently of the use of membrane division rules.

Simulation-Based Verification of Floating-Point Division

Abstract: Floating-point division is known to exhibit an exceptionally wide array of corner cases, making its verification a difficult challenge. Despite the remarkable advances in formal methods, the intricacies of this operation and its implementation often render these inapplicable. Simulation-based methods remain the primary means for verification of division. FPgen is a test generation framework targeted at the floating point datapath. It has been successfully used in the simulation-based verification of a variety of hardware designs. FPgen comprises a comprehensive test plan and a powerful test generator. A proper response to the difficulties posed by division constitutes a major part of FPgen's capabilities. We present an overview of the relevant verification tasks supplied with FPgen and the underlying algorithms used to target them.

Learning from architecture and conflict

Abstract: Hebron embodies many of the issues related to architecture and conflict: occupation and division of land and city, checkpoints, blockades, walls, settlements, destruction of historical and patrimon

Channel characteristic division OFDM-PON for next generation optical access

Abstract: A novel OFDM-PON structure based on channel characteristic division is proposed to reduce the sampling and computation requirement at the ONUs. In this method, the preprocessed downstream signal propagated to the ONUs is diversely aliased on spectrum by the sub-Nyquist sampling. With the subcarriers in OFDM symbols distorted according to the channel characteristics and overlaid by sections, users can recover the expected original data sent to the specific ONU lossless. Based on this method, the receiving capability of one of the 32 ONUs in a 40-Gb/s 32-QAM channel characteristic division OFDM-PON experiment is tested. The experiment confirms that the sampling rates and FFT sizes can be reduced to 1/32 on average compared to the conventional method. This new method also supports dynamic bandwidth allocations and improves the system efficiency and security by realizing the addressing process in the physical layer.

Apparatus and method for detecting division lines depicted on road

Abstract: A division line depicted on a road is detected. A beam-formed electromagnetic wave is repetitively at intervals transmitted toward the road viewed from a vehicle to scan in the vehicle width direction. Each beam-formed electromagnetic wave is radiated to a radiation area on the road, and the radiation areas made by transmitting the beam-formed electromagnetic wave a plurality of times virtually produces a scan area on the road. Every beam-formed electromagnetic wave, distance data indicative of a distance between a division line on the road and the vehicle is measured based on information about a reflected electromagnetic wave. The distance data measured is received to detect the division line based on characteristics of changes in a sequence of the distance data produced by mapping the received distance data in a scanning order of the beam-formed electromagnetic wave.

Led wiring board and light irradiation apparatus

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to permit division of an LED wiring board into various sizes to permit its use before and after the division, and also simplify operation of this division and simplify circuit design More specifically, in the present invention, wiring patterns (P4) and (P5) for energizing LEDs (21) are formed in a planar direction of the LED wiring board (2) Division grooves (2M) for dividing the LED wiring board 2 into a plurality of sub-boards are formed on the front surface of the LED wiring board (2) in a perpendicular direction and are provided in a manner such as to cross the wiring patterns (P4 and P5) in the planar direction Use with the entire board before the division by the division grooves (2M) is possible, and use with division elements divided along any of the division grooves 2M is also possible

Space-time block codes from nonassociative division algebras

Abstract: Associative division algebras are a rich source of fully diverse space-time block codes (STBCs). In this paper the systematic construction of fully diverse STBCs from nonassociative algebras is discussed. As examples, families of fully diverse $2\times 2$, $2\times 4$ multiblock and $4\times 4$ STBCs are designed, employing nonassociative quaternion division algebras.

Method and device for generating pilot frequency sequence

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for generating a pilot frequency sequence The method comprises the following steps of: selecting OCCs (Orthogonal Cover Code) from an OCC set according to different rules in each code division and frequency division and/or time division hybrid multiplexing demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port by using different code division multiplexing groups and/or generating scrambling sequences of the DMRS according to different rules by using different code division multiplexing groups; and multiplying the selected OCCs with the scrambling sequences to generate a final pilot frequency sequence of each DMRS port The invention further discloses a device for generating a pilot frequency sequence By adopting the method and the device, corresponding layers among different code division multiplexing port groups can be lowered, the influence of inter-carrier interference caused by the problems of Doppler frequency shift and timing error on channel estimation is reduced, and the channel estimation accuracy is increased

An effective powerful test for one-sided supplier selection problem

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the supplier selection problem, which deals with comparing two one-sided processes and selecting a better one that has a higher capability. We first review two existing approximation approaches, and an exact approach proposed which we refer to as the division method. We then develop a new exact approach called the subtraction method. We compare the two exact methods on the selection power. The results show that the proposed subtraction method is indeed more powerful than the division method. A two-phase selecting procedure is then developed based on the subtraction method for practical applications. Some computational results are tabulated for practitioners’ convenience.

A Goldschmidt Division Method With Faster Than Quadratic Convergence

Abstract: A new method to implement faster than quadratic convergence for Goldschmidt division using simple logic circuits is presented. While the approximate quotient converges quadratically in conventional Goldschmidt division, the new method achieves nearly cubic convergence. Although division with cubic convergence has been regarded as impractical due to its complexity, the proposed method reduces the logic complexity and the delay by using an approximate squarer with a simple logic implementation and a redundant binary Booth recoder. It is especially effective in a system that already has a radix-8 multiplier. As a result, the effective area for the reciprocal table can be reduced by 25.4%. The proposed method has been verified by SystemC and Verilog models. The final results are confirmed by simulation with both random double precision numbers and an exhaustive suite of 17-bit test vectors.

Image encoding and decoding device

Abstract: A picture encoding device may include a unit for selecting a division method of a target region, and a unit for dividing the target region into small regions using the division method, generating a prediction signal in the small region, generating a residual signal between the prediction signal and the original signal of the small region, generating quantized transform coefficients by performing frequency transform and quantization of the residual signal, selecting a map for mapping the quantized transform coefficients of the small region onto leaves of a tree structure that is common to a plurality of division methods in accordance with attribute information of the small region, mapping the quantized transform coefficients of the small region onto the leaves of the tree structure based on the map, and updating the states of the nodes and leaves of the tree structure according to the coefficient values of the respective leaves.

Drawing processing apparatus, texture processing apparatus, and tessellation method

Abstract: A drawing processing apparatus for performing tessellation processing, comprising a pixel shader and a texture unit. An internal division operation part of the pixel shader issues texture load instructions to the texture unit, specifying parametric coordinate values of a patch of a parametric surface, and thereby acquires internal division factors interpolated based on the parametric coordinate values from the texture unit. The internal division operation part issues texture load instructions to the texture unit further, specifying the internal division factors acquired from the texture unit as new interpolation factors, and thereby acquires control points internally divided based on the internal division factors in advance from the texture unit. Based on the internal division factors corresponding to the parametric coordinate values, the internal division operation part performs recursive internal division operations on the control points acquired from the texture unit, thereby determining a point on the parametric surface corresponding to the parametric coordinate values.

Digital pileup waveform processing method and system

Abstract: The invention discloses a digital pileup waveform processing method and a digital pileup waveform processing system. The method comprises the following steps of: determining a pulse rising edge area, and judging whether a pulse has a pileup waveform or not according to a time interval between adjacent pulse rising edges; and dividing a digital waveform determined as pileup according to the risingedge and the falling edge of the pulse, reconstructing single event pulse waveforms in turn by using the divided waveform, and extracting single pulse information from the reconstructed waveforms. The invention also discloses the pileup waveform processing system, which comprises a pileup waveform discrimination module, a pulse waveform division module and a pulse waveform reconstruction module. By the method and the system, the pileup pulse waveform can be effectively discriminated, each single event pulse waveform in the pileup is accurately reconstructed, information such as energy, time, amplitude, decay time constant, position and the like of the single event pulse is accurately recovered, and the counting rate of a system under high activity, and the signal-to-noise ratio of a measuring result are improved.

Simple crop root division culture box

Abstract: The utility model discloses a simple crop root division culture box, which comprises a box body, whereon zero, one or more than one crop separating board is arranged in the box body; correspondingly, one, two or more crop culture chambers are formed in the box body; root division separating boards which divide each crop culture chamber into a plurality of root division culture chambers are arranged in each crop culture chamber, and a transparent wall for observing growth condition of the roots of the crops is arranged on the side wall of the box body; and a movable shading plate is arranged on the outer side of the transparent wall. Parts for fixing crops are arranged on the root division separating boards. The simple crop root division culture box may also comprise a box cover, a through hole from which the crops can extend out is formed on the box cover at positions corresponding to the separating boards, the box cover can be arranged on the top of the whole box body or can be arranged on the tops of the crop culture chambers respectively; and the box cover is preferably divided into two symmetric blocks, and the symmetric axis of the two blocks passes through the central hole of the box cover. In the utility model, the technical problems of difficult sampling and no access to observation of root growth in a crop root division test can be solved. The simple crop root division culture box is convenient for use and can be used repeatedly.

Quality prediction device, quality prediction method, program and computer-readable recording medium

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a quality prediction device for predicting quality which generates a relational expression of operation data and quality data in the case that characteristics thereof are changed according to character code information. SOLUTION: The quality prediction device is provided with: a division pattern candidate creation part for creating a division pattern candidate by dividing an overall region configured of a region in which operation variables included in operation data are set as values and a region in which code variables are set as values into a plurality of local regions; a relational expression calculation part for calculating a relational expression representing a relation between the operation variables and the code variables about each division pattern candidate; a minimum error relational expression selection part for calculating a prediction error of the relational expression about each division pattern candidate from a quality prediction value and the quality data, and selecting the division pattern candidate of the relational expression minimizing the prediction error; a learning error evaluation part for determining whether or not the convergence of the prediction error is sufficient from the comparison result of the prediction error of the division pattern and an evaluation reference value; and a quality prediction value output part for outputting a quality prediction value from the relational expression of the division pattern when the convergence is sufficient. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT