Showing papers on "Economic sector published in 1990"

Labour Market Modelling and the Urban Informal Sector: Theory and Evidence

Abstract: Excerpt] The purpose of this paper is to assess the compatibility between theoretical models of the urban informal sector (UIS) and empirical evidence on the workings of that sector in the context of developing countries' labour markets. My major point is that although the UIS is an excellent idea which has served us well in the 1970s and 1980s, we have need in the next round of research to refine our terminology and our models in light of empirical findings which have come to the fore in the interim. I would contend that what empirical researchers label "the informal sector" is best represented not as one sector nor as a continuum but as two qualitatively distinct sectors. Wage employment or self-employment in small-scale units may be better than or worse than employment in the formal sector. This is not a new point: diversity of earning opportunities and other job characteristics within the informal sector has long been noted — among other places, in the pathbreaking work of Hart (1973) and in the critiques of the informal sector concept by Bienefeld and Godfrey (1975), the ILO Sudan Report (1976), Standing (1977) and Sinclair (1978). But only recently has this view come to the fore: "A third point in which agreement has been reached concerns the degree of heterogeneity within the informal sector. Contrary to the prevailing image of a decade and a half ago to the effect that the informal sector was of a homogeneous nature, it is clear today that there are different segments within this sector" (Tokman, 1986, p. 13).

Historical comparison of construction sectors in the United States, Japan, Italy and Finland using input-output tables

Abstract: This paper uses the input-output tables compiled since World War II in four advanced industrial countries - United States, Japan, Italy, and Finland - to analyse the role of construction in their economies. Several questions are discussed: How does the construction sector interact with other sectors of the economy? How does this interaction change over time? How does it differ from country to country? The paper first briefly introduces the input-output data and the indicators used for comparative analysis. For reasons of space, the historical values of these indicators are presented only in graphical form. Next, the paper compares the construction sector in the four countries in terms of their shares in gross national product and national income, direct and total backward and forward linkage indicators, and direct and total inputs from manufacturing and service sectors. Special attention is paid to changes in construction technology, that is, changes in the relative shares of manufacturing and service sec...

Economic Impact Studies: Relating The Positive And Negative Impacts To Tourism Development:

Abstract: This article is the sixth in a series prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce Task Force on Accountability Research to examine the issues of accountability and evaluation in travel research. An important issue in any tourism development effort is the estimation of total economic impact of the programs conducted by state and local tourism offices as well as by the private sector. This article focuses on the increasing need to conduct detailed economic impact studies and discusses some of the basic approaches to measuring both the positive and negative economic impacts.

Marketing Planning in the Public and Non‐profit Sectors

Abstract: Most studies of marketing planning focus on the private sector. A study of marketing planning in 79 organisations in the UK public sector and non‐profit sectors, part of a larger study of marketing planning in the UK, is reported on. Trading public sector organisations were significantly more likely to produce an annual marketing plan than companies in the private sector, while organisations in the non‐profit sector were about as likely to do so as companies in the commercial sector. The public sector plans were broadly similar to those of private sector firms while the non‐profit plans showed a different orientation. Despite these differences, the main overall finding is that in neither the private sector nor in the public or non‐profit sectors are comprehensive plans the norm.

On the Political Economy of Public Good Inputs in Agriculture

Abstract: The paper analyzes two elements in explaining and prescribing the level of costreducing "public good" inputs in agriculture: the distribution of political influence and the economic properties of markets. The incidence of costs/benefits of alternative costsharing arrangements between taxpayers and producers is compared to the social optimal and competitive outcomes. Although one group could lose, we focus only on situations of a Pareto improvement. The model predicts why some sectors have relatively more public versus private research funding and why the degree of underinvestment varies across sectors. The observed underinvestment in agriculture may be due to the political power of farmers, inelastic demand, and highly productive public good inputs.

Local economic development partnerships — An assessment of local authority economic development initiatives

Abstract: (1990). Local economic development partnerships — An assessment of local authority economic development initiatives. Local Government Studies: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 57-78.

A Model of the Informal Sector in Development

Abstract: In discussions of economic development, industrial dualism is often ignored. Industry, or the modern sector, in developing countries is composed of an overregulated formal sector and a free‐entry informal sector. Because of the nature of the regulations we can, in general, identify the formal sector with large industry and the informal sector with small industry. The informal modern sector is often a dynamic actor in the process of economic development, frequently outpacing the growth of the formal modern sector. We investigate in a general equilibrium model the conditions under which the informal sector increases its capital stock more rapidly than the formal sector. We also look at the employment‐unemployment effects of industrial dualism.

The economics of natural gas : pricing, planning and policy

Abstract: Natural gas resembles oil in fulfilling a wide variety of uses as both a source of energy and a feedstock, but the proportion of world production that is traded internationally is very much lower, and insufficient for a "world price" of gas to be established. This book addresses the issues of how the "economic price" of gas is determined. These are illustrated with estimates of the costs of exploration and production of gas, and of the benefits to be derived from its use in various economic sectors for a number of Third World countries. The book also presents a detailed case-study of the development of gas pricing in Bangladesh, and an analytical framework for the development of a formal "gas planning model" that could be applied to the cases of actual countries contemplating the development of gas use in the future.

Agricultural Growth and Structural Changes in the Punjab Economy: An Input-output Analysis

Abstract: The International Food Policy Research Institute was established in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting food needs in the world, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. While the research effort is geared to the precise objective of contributing to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition, the factors involved are many and wide-ranging, requiring analy sis of underlying processes and extending beyond a narrowly defined food sector. The Institute's research program reflects worldwide interaction with policymakers, administrators , and others concerned with increasing food production and with improving the equity of its distribution. Research results are published and distributed to officials and others concerned with national and interna tional food and agricultural policy. the World Bank. In addition, a number of other governments and institutions contribute funding to special research projects. Agricultural growth and structural changes in the Punjab economy : an input-output analysis / G. S. Bhalla ... [et al.]. p.

Public Sector Management Issues in Structural Adjustment Lending

Abstract: This paper reviews the Bank's experience in implementing public sector management reforms through structural adjustment lending. The study focuses on those institutional aspects of adjustment that deal with"macro-management"issues related to improvements in the management performance of core central government institutions and to systemic changes in public adminstrations. The paper reached the following broad conclusions; (a) public sector management components of SALs progressed unevenly and outcomes varied with diverse political, administrative and economic conditions; (b) reforms for which routinized methodologies and systems were introduced and those that could be linked to actionable steps were more likely to be sustained over time; (c) short time horizons of SALs posed severe constraints on the effective implementation of public sector management reforms; and (d) reforms through SALs are more successful when supported by specific technical assistance projects. It also concluded that: (e) the haste of SAL schedules and the lack of dynamism and focus of traditional technical assistance argues for the creation of a new lending instrument; (f) country economic and sector work is crucial to successful reforms undertaken through SALs; and (g) monitoring and supervision of institutional components of SALs needs to be systemized and the quality of documentation improved.

Weder Stand noch Klasse : Unterschichten um 1800

Abstract: If large companies constitute in most of countries developed or underdeveloped the core of the economic activity as it’s the main basis on which works the whole economy by providing equipment and intermediary consumptions to the economic sectors. However, that kind of companies remains relatively few flexible and few adaptable to the environment changes. Small and medium companies (businesses) seem more sensitive and better response to environment changes. Their limited size and their mode of management, their simple production processes and their dynamism the commercial field, make them a very important element in economic activity. The manifestations of the dynamism of SMEs appears mainly at the level of their contribution to employment, to national added value and to innovation. However, their structures and their mode of management and particularly, their limited access to banking sources (credit) makes them very sensitive and very fragile in front of economic crisis. It’s particularly true in the case of SMEs in developing countries, where SMEs are isolated because of the lack in public support and the difficulty of access to financial means necessary to counter economic crisis. After having shown the importance of SMEs in the economy in general, we shall try to highlight the situation and the reaction of SMEs in three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) facing the economic crisis result of the financial crisis of 2008 and the debt crisis in the euro area.