Showing papers on "Environmental health ethics published in 2001"

Ethics Programs in Global Businesses: Culture's Role in Managing Ethics

Abstract: Even if there were widespread cross-cultural agreement on the normative issues of business ethics, corporate ethics management initiatives (e.g., codes of conduct, ethics telephone lines, ethics offices) which are appropriate in one cultural setting still could fail to mesh with the management practices and cultural characteristics of a different setting. By uncritically adopting widely promoted American practices for managing corporate ethics, multinational businesses risk failure in pursuing the ostensible goals of corporate ethics initiatives. Pursuing shared ethical goals by means of culturally inappropriate management practices, in short, can undermine the effectiveness of ethics management efforts. This article explicates how several important dimensions of culture can influence the effectiveness of common ethics initiatives, and recommends the development and application of a culture-structure contingency analysis in the task of encouraging ethical behavior in global businesses.

Governing for the Environment: Global Problems, Ethics & Democracy

Abstract: List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Global Capitalism, Ethics and Governance N.Low & B.Gleeson PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ETHICAL DILEMMAS Towards Sustainability J.Spangenberg The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Beyond Monitoring E.Edmondson The International Politics of Declining Forests M.Jokela Maximising Justice for Environmental Refugees: A Transnational Institution on Behalf of the Deterritorialised A.Semmens Environmental Accountability and Transnational Corporations D.Humphreys PART II: TOWARDS A GLOBAL ETHICS An Environmentalist Grand Narrative A.Gare Human Rights and the Environment: Redefining Fundamental Principles? K.Bosselman Planetary Citizenship, Definition and Defence of an Ideal J.Thompson An Ethics of Care for the Environment in Conditions of Conflict J.Tully Environmental Ethics and the Obsolescence of Existing Political Institutions P.Laslett PART III: HUMANE GOVERNMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Justice and Global Democracy W.Achterberg Cosmopolitan Democracy D.Archibugi An International Court of the Environment A.Postiglione Humane Governance and the Environment R.Falk Index

The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care

Abstract: 1. The Challenge of Environmental Responsibility 2. Linking Health and Environmental Change 3. Population and Consumption 4. Environmental Aspects of Health Care 5. The Green Health Center 6. At the Bedside 7. Global Ethics and Justice 8. New Ways of Thinking About Bioethics

Ethics in epidemiology and public health I. Technical terms

Abstract: Ethics in epidemiology and public health has emerged from several sources: most obvious is the discipline of bioethics, with its theories, methods, case studies, and familiar textbooks. Bioethics has primarily been focused upon medical ethics and research ethics and only recently has turned its attention to public health. Another source of scholarship is philosophical ethics. Here the sourcebooks are the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Rawls, and many others, the so called “high ground” philosophers of the past 2000 years.1 Philosophical ethics provides a rich lode from which to mine theories and concepts and to observe intellectual trends. A third source for ethics in epidemiology and public health is closer to home and is not so closely connected to bioethics nor philosophical ethics. Public health practitioners and scholars have written about the ethical problems that underlie professional practice. Advocacy, coercion, and scientific misconduct are a few representative examples, but there are many others, including privacy, conflicts of interest, and the rights of vulnerable communities. Given the scope and connectedness of these sources, a vast number of words and phrases could be included in a glossary on ethics in epidemiology and public health. To organise what could be a very long list, we identify two categories of terms. There are the more technical terms of ethics, such as casuistry, communitarian ethics, obligations, and virtues. These we define below in the first installment of the glossary. There are also more applied terms—equipoise, informed consent, privacy and the precautionary principle—representing important practical issues with significant …

Health ecology, land degradation and development

Abstract: Increasing awareness of the health implications of environmental change in developing areas demands ongoing evaluation of the composition and context of unique human and environmental systems. The relationship between the ecology of emergent and resurgent infectious disease and land degradation is an uncertain aspect of environmental influences on human health that varies in different development contexts. An approach for examining a dynamic health and environment nexus is suggested based on combining ideas about health ecology with notions of sustainable development. The rationale is derived from the experience of research on changing diarrhoeal disease endemicity and epidemicity in central Mozambique, recent moves towards poverty reduction through food and livelihood security in Zambezia province, and the development of a geographic health information system to control malaria. Themes include analysing the influence of land degradation on incidence of infectious diseases, situating human health in land-based notions of sustainable development, and communality between environmental health care and land-based poverty reduction policies. The paper emphasizes that environmental health surveillance and care must be responsive to changing health ecologies in varying development landscapes and that common policy directives should be sought in avoiding both human ill-health and land degradation.

Health ethics in Pakistan: a literature review of its present state.

Abstract: National literature on ethics provides an insight into the nature and development of a dialogue on health issues within a population. This study investigated the health ethics discourse in Pakistan. The purpose was to critically reflect on the nature and level of such discussions with the aim of stimulating an interest in the ethical implications of health and medicine in developing countries. The study evaluated the literature on biomedical and health ethics published in Pakistan during 1988-1999. Overall, there is a dearth of published discourse on healthcare ethics in Pakistan. Values that are considered to stem from religious teachings predominate in discussions relating to medical ethics. A lack of effective policy and legislation concerning the ethical practice of medicine is reported to have negative effects on the profession. Research ethics has not been captured in the published papers in Pakistan. Consideration of ethical issues in health is at an early stage in the country and may reflect the situation in a large part of the developing world.

Organizational ethics in Catholic health care: honoring stewardship and the work environment.

Abstract: Organizational ethics refers to the integration of values into decision making, policies, and behavior throughout the multi-disciplinary environment of a health care organization. Based upon Catholic social ethics, stewardship is at the heart of organizational ethics in health care in this sense: stewardship provides the hermeneutic filter that enables basic ethical principles to be realized practically, within the context of the Catholic theology of work, to concerns in health care. This general argument can shed light on the specific topic of non-executive compensation programs as an illustration of organizational ethics in health care.

Is there a future for clinical ethics services in Australia

Abstract: Clinical ethics refers to the consideration of ethical issues arising directly in the context of patient care. Health professionals are generally adept at effectively and sensitively managing ethical issues in clinical care. However, in some settings, multidisciplinary clinical ethics services may enhance clinical practice by assisting clinicians, patients and others to identify, understand and manage ethical issues. Clinical ethics services may be particularly valuable for situations in which moral perspectives diverge or communication has deteriorated. Such services may facilitate discussion and help the parties find mutually satisfactory solutions. Clinical ethics services may take various forms, including clinical ethics committees, ethics consultants, patient advocates or other mechanisms for responding to complaints and grievances. There is considerable disagreement about key aspects of clinical ethics services, including who should conduct them, how they should be run and what role they should play in decision-making.

Ethical implications of genetic analysis of individual susceptibility to diseases.

Abstract: Ethics can be regarded as a reflection or reconsideration of existing moral codes in the search of good and goes beyond moral conduct. This means that ethics is a never-ending process, which in science must develop with the development of science itself. Thus, the process of seeking better ethics is as integral within science as the development of new methods. Along these lines of thought it can be argued that (1) poor science cannot be ethically sound, (2) every scientist has a personal responsibility to develop ethics in his area of expertise, (3) the development of solid ethical background in science requires education in ethics as well as in methodology and scientific thinking and (4) research ethics cannot develop in solitude, but needs input from other scientists, other fields (including philosophy) and society. Several burning questions can be identified within genetic analysis for individual susceptibility. These ethical aspects can be viewed from three different perspectives: practice of research, patient/research subject personally and long-term implications in society. This paper tries more to awaken thoughts than give clear answers.

Confronting the Contradiction: Global Capitalism and Environmental Health [*]

Abstract: This paper examines the contradiction of economic globalization and environmental health. Despite the emergence of a significant environmental movement, the ecological health of many democratic industrial nation-states remains poor and the overall environmental health of the planet is declining rapidly (Brown 2000). The first section of this paper reviews literature that suggests that the inability of democratic industrial nation-states to reduce environmental degradation results from compromising environmental health in the interests of capital accumulation by regulating rather than eliminating environmentally destructive behaviors. The failure of democratic industrial nationstates to achieve environmental health is being exacerbated further by the creation of a globalized capitalist system managed by a variety of international free-trade agreements and the World Trade Organization. In the second section, we examine decisions made by these new managers of capital over the interests of environmental health. In the last section of this paper, we deconstruct the ideological tenets of global capitalism as they pertain to achieving environmental health and social justice.

Environmental Philosophy: Introduction

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Environmental and Health Concerns

Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Manufacturing Day-to-Day Use Resource Conservation Case Study This chapter contains sections titled: Worksheet??????-??????Review of Health and Environment Issues Additional Assignments References Cleaning Up Recipe for recycling Safety Standards for CRT visual display units Research council reviews EMF Running out of resources A second look at running out of resources ]]>

The Ethical Conduct of Studies Involving Controlled Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants

Abstract: In recent years, the concern for human research subject protection has increased markedly in the United States. The nature of research subject participation in controlled-exposure environmental health research is such that the individual subject bears the risk of participation, while the benefits of such research accrue to society. Therefore, particular attention must be paid when designing studies to protect the health and safety of human research subject. This paper outlines principles for the appropriate selection of pollutants to which humans can be exposed, and the principles that should be used to protect the health and safety of human research subject.

Reviewing the Discourse of ecology and health among indigenous peoples in Amazonia

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine the intellectual roots of what can be designated as the current state of the art within the field of human ecology and health. The links between different aspects of an ecology/health discourse are examined, and the mechanisms of change are analysed. The study focuses specifically on the Amazon and its inhabitants. The article reviews three historically used aspects of the ecology/health discourse. These have different focus on soil, calorie-intake and protein respectively, as limiting explanatory factors. Todays state of the art is discussed as well as future trends in ecology/health research.

Environmental health practice : for today and for the future

Abstract: In order to gain an insight into the changing role of the environmental health workforce, 40 in-depth, structured interviews were undertaken between July and September 2000. Key informants in environmental health whose interests spanned the broad spectrum of environmental management and human health were interviewed. The thoughtful responses of this specially selected group threw light on the current status of community-based environmental health action. The key informants selected for this study worked either in a specialised area of environmental health, had a strategic planning role in government, represented a community group with a specific environmental health concern, or worked to integrate activities across the other three groups. Interviewees were asked first to identify their priority issues and then to list actions which they believed should be taken to address these issues. Analysis of their responses provides insights into the range of practice in the rapidly changing arena of environmental health.

Environmental justice without environmental racism

Abstract: In this paper, I propose to defend an account of environmental justice that is not only acceptable both from an anthropocentric or human-centric perspective and from a non-anthropocentric or biocentric perspective, but also deals squarely with the problem of environmental racism

Introduction: reviews of environmental health, 2001.

Abstract: 3 Mixed feelings of excitement, anticipation, and concern marked the end of the last century and millennium. This was especially true in communication and information technology. Over the past 10 years there has been an exponential growth in these fields. Rapid communication has become the norm for many people. In fact, if executives at Finland’s Nokia Oyj are correct in their prediction, one billion people—just under a fifth of the world population—will own a cellular phone by the middle of 2002 (1). But has the availability of much faster and easier means of communication improved the level of understanding among people? Information technology took root and grew rapidly during this period. There were high expectations that information technology would enhance the dissemination of information, raise the educational level of society, and have a positive impact on our quality of life. There is no doubt that the availability of information has increased dramatically. But has this availability of information really increased the educational level of our society? The rapid growth and concomitant increased dependence on technology left our high-tech society vulnerable to electronic mischief and the so-called Year 2000 (Y2K) bug. The numerous mischievous attacks on the Internet have led to increased surveillance and development of protective software to ward off electronic attacks. Feverish preparations were made to avert a seemingly imminent disaster posed by the Y2K bug. In the end, the first day of the year 2000 came and went with only minor problems. Does this mean the preparations paid off, or was the problem overstated? In any case, our high-technology world was little affected by the “bug.” The global economy around the world responded in kind when fueled by the expanding technology sector. The United States–based, technology-heavy Nasdaq stock index reached a new high in the last couple of years but then took a nose dive. The technology bubble burst. In the case of the environment, information technology provides a means for many people to access and explore environmental issues. However, many of the goals to protect our environment have not been reached. During the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, daily updates on the progress of the conference were readily available. One of the most important accomplishment of the Summit—the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change—was reported rapidly around the world, as was the agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries, announced five years later in Kyoto, Japan (Kyoto Protocol) (2). But as of this date, the Kyoto Protocol has not been ratified by many of the larger nations. On the other hand, progress has been made and, even more important, the level of awareness of environmental issues is at an all-time high, thanks partly to the ready access to environmental news over the Internet. Other positive signs for the protection of the environment are actions taken by some of the large oil companies. For example, Royal Dutch/Shell Group and British Petroleum are investing in research in alternative energy sources and in renewable energy sources (solar power, wind turbine, and fuel cells). Use of nonpetroleum energy sources could make it easier for nations to reduce the emissions as mandated by the Kyoto Protocol. Efforts to sequester CO2 in deep aquifers are also underway, including the $20 million CO2 Capture Project (3). One must believe that at least part of this change in attitude and policy direction is related to the information revolution. Apart from the impact of information technology, the emergence of the “precautionary principle” to influence the formulation of environmental regulations is another important development. The principle states that “when an activity raises threats to the environment or human health, precautionary measures should be taken, even if some causeand-effect relationships are not fully established scientifically” (4). The importance of this principle has been emphasized in EHP editorials (5,6). Earlier implementation of this concept might have ameliorated some of the damage to the environment as well as the suffering of many people. How much better would our environment be had the precautionary principle been exercised when pesticides and insecticides were first introduced into the agriculture industry on a massive scale? Environmental Health Perspectives was one of the first journals to take advantage of information technology for imparting environmental knowledge. In 1997, EHP developed an Internet site: Environmental Health Information Service (7). At this site, a broad variety of news and scientific information on the environment and human health is readily available. Also, Environmental Health Perspectives is available in its entirety to subscribers, and abstracts of news and scientific articles are free to the general public. As has been our practice, this year’s EHP annual review issue contains articles on topics chosen to cover a broad area of environmental health. The articles provide updated information for specialists and transfer information across other disciplines. The objectives of the reviews are to summarize new developments in environmentally relevant areas, to provide a perspective for the new findings, and to provide sufficient background information for those not familiar with the specific topic. Selected topics for this edition are endocrine disruption, chemical toxicology, developmental neurotoxicology methods, and global environmental and public health issues.

Teaching Environmental Engineering Students Ethics, Law and Policy

Abstract: Most conventional introductory courses on environmental engineering are offered as core or electives courses within chemical or civil engineering departments, with the primary focus usually being on the description and analysis of pollutant generation and transport in water, air, and soil. There is a concomitant discussion and analysis of the physical, chemical and biological treatment technologies that have been developed for pollution remediation and control. Scant attention, however, is paid to the social, political, economic, and technological, in short total, environment within which environmental engineering principles and practices, mediated by legal and regulatory forces, gets implemented. In this paper, I discuss the introduction of ethics, environmental policy and environmental regulatory issues into a regular introductory environmental engineering course. This is accomplished by beginning the course with a discussion of environmental ethics, followed by a general introduction to concepts in environmental law, focusing on what have become part of accepted legal practice, or have become evolving legal issues. Within the context of environmental regulations and the evolution of environmental laws, the broad range of situations that fall under the wide brushstroke of environmental justice are reviewed, analyzed and discussed. For engineering students, this is an exciting introduction to the social context of the science and engineering of the environment. Course materials include contemporary and historical readings followed by discussion and analysis, and also include general surveys of data, where applicable and available. Some specific case studies are included as well, time permitting. The material is covered in lecture/discussion mode, which permits the incorporation of brief