Showing papers on "Formality published in 2023"

Introduction to Choreographies

Abstract: In concurrent and distributed systems, processes can complete tasks together by playing their parts in a joint plan. The plan, or protocol, can be written as a choreography: a formal description of overall behaviour that processes should collaborate to implement, like authenticating a user or purchasing an item online. Formality brings clarity, but not only that. Choreographies can contribute to important safety and liveness properties. This book is an ideal introduction to theory of choreographies for students, researchers, and professionals in computer science and applied mathematics. It covers languages for writing choreographies and their semantics, and principles for implementing choreographies correctly. The text treats the study of choreographies as a discipline in its own right, following a systematic approach that starts from simple foundations and proceeds to more advanced features in incremental steps. Each chapter includes examples and exercises aimed at helping with understanding the theory and its relation to practice.

Ad hoc coalitions in global governance: short-notice, task- and time-specific cooperation

Abstract: Ad hoc coalitions (AHCs) are an indispensable but scantly conceptualized part of global governance. In recent years, several typologies and classifications of global governance arrangements have been provided, mostly differentiating them based on their organizational design features of degree of formality and membership composition. These do not capture AHCs and the role they play in global governance. In this article, we not only provide a conceptualization of AHCs, but also propose ways in which AHCs fit within the broader global governance architecture. We argue that what sets AHCs apart is not so much their (in)formality or membership, but rather their short-notice creation, their task-specific purpose and their temporarily circumscribed existence. We therefore define AHCs as autonomous arrangements with a task-specific mandate established at short notice for a limited time frame. We then develop a research agenda on the nature and future of AHCs, including their short- and long-term relationship with other multilateral arrangements in the global governance architecture. This is important, as we do yet not know how AHCs complement, compete and impact on international organizations and international crisis response.

Configurational framework of learning conduits used by emerging economy firms to improve their innovation performance

Abstract: The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in innovation coming from emerging economy firms. In response to this popular phenomenon, scholars are examining many learning conduits used by these firms to improve their innovation performance. The various learning conduits used by these firms include technology licensing, government R&D support, university-firm linkages, business groups, government affiliation, outward FDI, international collaborations, inward FDI, outsourcing, exporting, and importing. Building on a systematic review of 115 papers on this topic, we find this literature to be unstructured, with no organizing framework. To help researchers take stock and make advancements, we use configurational theorizing to develop a framework that helps understand when and why these emerging economy firms tend to use the different learning conduits. Specifically, we propose that the choice of learning conduits is often driven by two key factors: the relative level of institutional formality of the emerging economy and the relative level of traditional ownership advantages of these firms. Building on these two dimensions, we classify emerging economy firms into four configurations: social network focused firms, laggard firms, leader firms, and cutting-edge firms. We generate new insights based on our framework and overview of the existing studies, identify gaps in the literature, and make recommendations about how to extend this growing stream of research.

What do second language speakers really need for real-world interaction? A needs analysis of L2 Chinese interactional competence

Abstract: A primary undertaking in communicative language teaching is to ensure second language (L2) speakers develop the ability to interact in real-world communicative events, a skill known as interactional competence (IC). Thus far, there have been few needs analysis studies conducted on L2 IC, posing challenges when ascertaining whether the teaching and testing of L2 IC are empirically grounded. Henceforth, the researcher carried out a needs analysis to systematically investigate the IC learning needs of speakers of L2 Chinese, which in itself represents an under-investigated target language in present-day needs analysis literature. A considered methodology was utilized to elicit triangulated information from 18 participants. Content analysis of the elicited data identified seven IC learning categories: (1) social actions, (2) sociopragmatic knowledge, (3) pragmalinguistic knowledge, (4) interactional structure, (5) content knowledge, (6) linguistic resources, and (7) nonverbal resources. Results revealed disaffiliative social actions (e.g. complaining) to be most challenging. The management of social actions was mediated by speakers’ sociopragmatic knowledge (e.g. social distance) and pragmalinguistic knowledge (e.g. formality devices). Other learning categories such as interactional structure (e.g. topic development) and nonverbal resources (e.g. gaze) contributed to successful interaction at a more foundational level. Based on these findings, this article proposes a three-tier IC needs model to conceptualize the hierarchical interrelationships among the seven categories. In addition, the researcher generated lists of IC learning needs for each category and subcategory to assist language educators with developing targeted IC teaching and assessment tasks. The IC needs model and needs lists constitute a pedagogical toolkit for the systematic incorporation of IC in task-based language teaching, language curricula and language programs. This article also discusses how methodological considerations and innovations formulated in the study can contribute to needs analysis research in general.

‘It’s a language politic’: Sri Lankan English and linguistic hierarchies in the English language classroom

Abstract: This study investigates the language ideologies of eight in-service English teachers in Sri Lanka in order to understand how these teachers approach the plural Englishes in their classrooms. Specifically, this article traces, three years after World Englishes-oriented linguistics coursework, these instructors’ beliefs about the existence and appropriate use of Sri Lankan Englishes (SLE), and how participating teachers’ beliefs are hegemonic or counter-hegemonic, adhering to or contesting a linguistic hierarchy that privileges ‘native speaker’ varieties using data from semi-structured interviews (Appendix). The data suggest that the participating teachers, despite their shared MA program in teaching English as a second language, have a wide range of understandings of SLE which tend to be complex and unclear, often tangling together ideas of language variety, formality, and proficiency, echoing disagreement among language scholars. The data further suggest that teachers’ choices about promoting SLE in the language classroom are influenced both by their professional and personal experiences of linguistic prejudice and their sense of agency in their teaching context. Ultimately, to address the devaluation of postcolonial forms like SLE, teacher educators must directly confront both this slippery definition and teachers’ sense of social pressure toward ‘standard’ English.

Approaching Legal Multinomials from the Sociolinguistic Perspective – Insights into Authorship-Based Distinctions

Abstract: Abstract The paper explores the hypothesis that multinomials can act as authorship-based style distinguishing markers in legal communication. Specifically, the analysis focuses on identifying the quantitative distribution patterns of structural categories of multinomials as typical for two authorship categories and on their communicative function. The two authorship categories that are contrasted here are legal professionals/experts and lay people. The analysis is conducted in the corpus-based methodology with a custom-designed corpus of English, authentic texts found in the legal trade, in the domain of company registration proceedings. The findings confirm that multinomials that are conventionally considered to be a feature of professional legal communication are also cognitively salient in lay communication. Further, the texts drafted by the two categories of authors are profiled by structurally distinct multinomials. Functionally, it has been demonstrated that the structurally distinct types of multinomials that are found quantitatively salient in the two authorship categories are used predominantly for specific stylistic and/or pragmatic functions. Stylistically, multinomials contribute to conventional and ritual patterns which are used to meet the formality standards that have evolved in specific legal professions where authority is of particular importance. Pragmatic factors which account for quantitative salience of specific, structurally profiled categories of multinomials involve mainly reduplication of multinomials that embody norm-related concepts, which is required on the ground of intertextuality and ensures the materialisation of legal effect.

Do Populist Leaders Mimic the Language of Ordinary Citizens? Evidence From India

Abstract: Minimal understandings of populism focus on measuring explicit stances of antielitism and people centrism. What remains poorly understood is the way less overt forms of populist rhetoric enable leaders to emulate the language of common citizens to achieve electoral success. This article suggests that the study of the populist discourse also requires taking into account their implicit occurrences, that is, those conveying connect, closeness, commonness, and similarity with ordinary people. Expressed through performances of “layman likeness,” they enable populist politicians to dissociate from traditional ruling elites while enabling people leaders' identifications. Using a novel 261-million-word dataset of Indian political discourses—including the speeches of 11 Prime Ministers—to proxy such identifications, we argue that populist leaders rely on a mimesis of the common people. Three core mimetic speech items are quantified: intimacy, disintermediation, and simplicity. We use a replicable corpus-contextual multiword collocation technique to populate lexicons of pretested psychometric profiles as well as a threefold validation method. The analysis finds that current Prime Minister Narendra Modi communicates mimetic identification around his persona, indexing the linguistic markers of his stylistic, ideological, and institutional populist politics. We indicate that our context-aware method could also be of use to study the cross-regional variability of mimetic populism.

Demystifying piped water supply: Formality and informality in (peri)urban water provisioning

Abstract: Water utilities have favoured the modern ideal of piped networks and infrastructure that is reproduced in policies and discourses about achieving ambitious water targets. In this article, using ethnographic insights from an urbanising village of New Delhi called Rawta, we build on work that challenges the myth of formal water as ‘piped’ water and informal water as ‘non-piped’ and explore both piped and non-piped water as dynamic and socially negotiated water regimes. We analyse how water regimes are shaped by complex constellations of formal and informal actors, institutions and technological practices. What constitutes piped water supply in Rawta is in fact largely constituted by an elaborate informal network of underground pipes and water pumps laid down to realise very specific local water needs. We explore what this kind of informality means for drinking water supply in rapidly urbanising peripheries.

Lockdown stringency and employment formality: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

Abstract: Abstract In response to COVID-19 most governments used some form of lockdown policy to manage the pandemic. This required making iterative policy decisions in a rapidly changing epidemiological environment resulting in varying levels of lockdown stringency over time. While studies estimating the labour market effects of lockdown policies exist in both developed and developing countries, there is limited evidence on the impact of variation in lockdown stringency, particularly in developing countries. Such variation may have large heterogenous effects both on aggregate and between worker groups. In this paper, we estimate the causal effect of lockdown stringency on employment probabilities, adopting a quasi-experimental design on unique labour force panel data from South Africa. South Africa is a useful case study given its upper-middle-income status and relatively small informal sector, thus serving as an example to a variety of developing and developed country economies. We find that the negative employment effects of the country’s lockdown policy were driven by effects on the informal sector. Furthermore, we observe important effect heterogeneity by employment formality as the stringency of the country’s lockdown regulations changed over time. We find that more stringent lockdown levels negatively affected informal, but not formal sector employment, while less stringent levels negatively affected formal, but not informal sector employment. From a policy perspective, evidence of such heterogeneity can inform decisions around the optimal targeting of support as the pandemic progresses and lockdown policies are reconsidered.

A Human-centered Evaluation of a Toxicity Detection API: Testing Transferability and Unpacking Latent Attributes

Abstract: Perspective is a publicly available, machine learning API that can score text for toxicity. It is available for use in online platforms and communities to limit toxicity and promote civil dialogue. In this work, we adopt a human-centered approach to evaluating Perspective by investigating if human ratings of toxicity align with Perspective’s toxicity scores. We also test its transferability by making this comparison for comments from three platforms that have different commenting styles and moderation strategies: news websites, YouTube, and Twitter. Apart from toxicity, the main attribute, we collect participant ratings for three additional attributes: respectfulness, formality, and presence of stereotypes. While disrespect is part of how Perspective defines toxicity, formality and presence of stereotypes were included in the study to explore if they could be hidden/latent attributes that affect toxicity scores from Perspective. We analyzed how participant ratings for these additional attributes vary with respect to Perspective’s toxicity score for comments from each platform. We find that for high toxicity scores, Perspective strongly aligns with participant ratings of toxicity and disrespectfulness across all three platforms, providing weak evidence of its transferability. However, our evaluation also surfaced formality and presence of stereotypes as latent attributes that are unrecognized parts of Perspective’s scores. We discuss how and why this evaluation is “human-centered,” the importance of conducting such evaluations, and implications of these results for content moderation in social platforms.

‘It sounds like lived experience’ - On empathy in rape trials

Abstract: In this article the intrinsic relation between the formal and the informal aspects of rape trials in Sweden will be scrutinized and discussed, for two main reasons (that are intertwined). Firstly, rape cases are characterized by a word-against-word situation, with few other forms of evidence, and with a rate of convictions much lower than for other criminal cases. The fact that the parties’ statements are placed at the core of the presentation and assessment of the evidence leaves much scope for argumentation about normality, rationality, logic and common sense. Secondly, rape trials have been subject to a significant amount of critique, in public as well as in legal debate due to gendered stereotypes, assumptions about autonomy, objectivity, ideal victims, real rape etc. The article aims to explore and shed some light on parts of the continuum of formality and informality in criminal trials in Sweden. By deconstructing rape trials through the lens of the emotion-sociological concept of empathy, the article contributes to deepened knowledge of the work performed by the legal actors in court in general and their work as empathic translators, in particular. We will focus on a specific part of the empathic process, namely emotion management to stage credible testimonies, in the sense that the stories told by the parties and/or witnesses are framed and presented by legal professionals in court as if they have been acting and reacting normal, natural, reasonable and rational. We present the analysis of the intrinsic relationship between the formal framework and the informal work performed by the legal actors, by exploring how the legal concepts are embodied in stories from everyday life in the trial, framed by the legal actors. The analysis includes a description of the stage at which these trials take place (the objectivity ideals and self-images) and the most important formal aspects and parts of the criminal and procedural regulation of rape trials. The article ends with final conclusions and reflections on the continuum of formality and informality in rape trials. The material in the study from which this article derives consists of observations of 18 rape cases, including written judgments and interviews with legal professionals in these cases.

What feeds on what? Networks of interdependencies between culture and institutions

Abstract: Abstract Culture and institutions both matter in shaping trajectories for socioeconomic progress. As the debate on causal directionalities between culture and institutions is still ongoing, we recast its perspective: a complex network of symbiotic relationships ties a multitude of cultural and institutional factors together. We blend the institutional complementarities literature with symbiosis theory, and place it into the context of a data-driven approach that extends correlation network analyses. We frame each single interdependence between a cultural and an institutional factor as an asymmetric symbiotic relationship in which a ‘host’ feeds a ‘symbiont’: the latter is more dependent on the former. In our computed network, each relation locates within a broader context of pathways and network constellations. We apply our approach to Brazilian municipal data. Our results confirm high complexity in the coevolution of culture and institutions and suggest an emerging pattern in which cultural factors are more likely to be hosts than institutions or social capital. In the Brazilian municipal reality, the institutional innovation of participatory councils bears the potential of game-changer in the system, while tax collection strongly depends on cultural factors i.e. the (in)formality of the economy and family ties.

Implementasi Penilaian Autentik pada Mata Pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadits di MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah

Abstract: The background of this research is that there are still teachers of Al-Qur'an-Hadith who judge it only as a formality, assess students only modestly. In fact, when referring to the 2013 curriculum assessment, there are many types of authentic assessment, including: authentic assessment of affective aspects, assessment of cognitive aspects, assessment of psychomotor aspects. So that researchers are interested in studying the assessment of authentic Al-Qur'an Hadith teachers at MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah, Barus District, Central Tapanuli Regency. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological approach and a descriptive research type. Descriptive data is data obtained in the form of words which are then attempted to be described and interpreted. Data collection techniques using unstructured interviews, participant observation and documentation. Data analysis uses data reduction procedures, data presentation and conclusion or verification. The research results show that; First, an authentic assessment of affective (spiritual and social) aspects used at MAN 1 Tapanuli with observation, interview and documentation techniques. Second, the authentic assessment of cognitive aspects (knowledge) used at MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah uses written test techniques and oral tests. This is illustrated for written test techniques used to evaluate students by carrying out daily tests while oral tests are used at the beginning and at the end of learning, if at the beginning of learning to perceive last week's lesson, at the end of learning to solidify learning. Third, the authentic assessment of psychomotor aspects (skills) used at MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah is in accordance with the Minister of Education and Culture in its application, Al-Qur'an-Hadis teachers use practical techniques, projects and portfolios.

Almost-formality and deformations of representations of the fundamental groups of Sasakian manifolds

Abstract: For a $$2n+1$$ -dimensional compact Sasakian manifold, if $$n\ge 2$$ , we prove that the analytic germ of the variety of representations of the fundamental group at every semi-simple representation is quadratic. To prove this result, we prove the almost-formality of de Rham complex of a Sasakian manifold with values in a semi-simple flat vector bundle. By the almost-formality, we also prove the vanishing theorem on the cup product of the cohomology of semi-simple flat vector bundles over a compact Sasakian manifold.

Desktop Application Development to Practice Pronunciation

Abstract: English pronunciation studies the techniques of uttering English words, making it one of the most challenging subjects and considered a formality. By mastering proper English pronunciation, there will be no miscommunication when speaking with others or native speakers. Learning pronunciation from a native speaker creates a benchmark for appropriately pronouncing words. Unfortunately, it is overpriced and impractical. Therefore, this study developed an e-learning application to learn English pronunciation. Through a desktop-based e-learning application, users could freely improve their ability and interest in learning pronunciation without time constraints. They could also evaluate their progress. This desktop application could be utilized frequently without incurring excessive fees. In order to acquire study data, the application was assessed by administering a questionnaire to 34 respondents. As many as 27 respondents believed that the application’s content was easily accessible on their individual computers. Additionally, 30 respondents acknowledged that the audio quality was clear. Moreover, 29 respondents asserted that the desktop application encouraged them to improve their pronunciation. In other words, the desktop application for learning English pronunciation was highly useful for independent study and could enhance the comprehension of each learned word

Prophet

Abstract: Prophet Kathryn Petruccelli (bio) Keywords Kathryn Petruccelli, late summer, poetry, sun, light, death, leaves changing Early August. The sun seriousabout itself, the breeze moodyas an infant, hushing its breathto a whisper, watching, then liftingall it had into a burst of joy. Everythingbright, like night was just a formality,sweat a rite of passage. That week,there were birthdays in the family—someone turned seven, another fifty—and anniversaries, markersof good decisions, solid unions.A cardinal pair sang in the branchesof the apple, eyeing the grass, lively, eager.That’s when I saw it: the first leaffall from way up in an oak,already brown, tumblingfrom the kind of height that’s higherthan it looks, and it looks pretty high.It was unmistakable—the dip and weave,the flutter, something of a plummet at the end.These vibrant days, that should have seen usreach out across the dinner table, touch,lightly, the face of a child, walk leisurelyalong riverbanks holding the hand of the beloved.Our phones dinged on and on.Paving trucks growled down the street.We dreamed of airports and dentists.And this leaf—prophet, ghost, falling like that. [End Page 103] Kathryn Petruccelli kathryn petruccelli holds an MA in teaching English language learners and harbors obsessions over place, words, and the ocean. Her poetry and prose have appeared in places like the Southern Review, New Ohio Review, Rattle, Tinderbox, SWWIM, Sweet Lit, River Teeth’s Beautiful Things, and others. She’s been a Best of the Net nominee and a finalist for the Omnidawn Poetry Broadside Contest. Kathryn teaches workshops for adults and teens that center around contemporary poets, a love of language, and the emotional literacy needed to weave a better future. Copyright © 2023 The Massachusetts Review, Inc

Incremental housing and compliance with development control in urban Ghana

Abstract: The challenges in meeting housing demand in African cities have manifested in increased attention to encouraging and adopting incremental housing approach to address the persistent housing deficits with recourse to development control measures. Relatedly, there have been calls to recognize and understand how attitudes of incremental builders or homeowners conform to development control measures from an African perspective. Using Kumasi as a case study, this paper inquires: in what ways can the attitudes of homeowners be used to address housing challenges via incrementalism and how can perceptions inform development control toward sustainability of cities? The findings show that despite the existence of various development control measures to promote orderly human settlement development, incremental housing development does not conform to such regulations due to low knowledge of builders on existing measures, avoidance of incurring additional costs, unnecessary formality and bureaucratic nature of permit acquisition process, and failure of city authorities to strictly enforce regulations. The study concludes that perception and awareness on development control regulations influence attitudes toward compliance. Hence, the need to sensitize and integrate attitudes and knowledge of homeowners into urban planning efforts to safeguard the urban landscape.

Podcasting as a Tool for Crisis Communications: The Story of Public Health On Call.

Abstract: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health created Public Health On Call, a podcast that features interviews with health experts about urgent issues in the response. After the initial episodes were downloaded tens of thousands of times, the Bloomberg School of Public Health established a podcast team. Episodes included interviews with health officers, elected leaders, foreign officials, physicians, patients, and community leaders. By the end of 2022, episodes of the podcast had been downloaded more than 9.6 million times. The Public Health On Call podcast became an important adjunct to other methods of information dissemination, with greater detail than news interviews and less formality than published articles. The podcast represents a successful rapid response to an emerging health challenge in a new world of media, and serves as a platform for direct engagement of academic health experts with the public.

Restrictions on past-tense passives in Late Modern Danish

Abstract: Abstract This article investigates a case of lexical restrictions on a voice construction, specifically Danish past-tense passives. Present-Day Danish has both a periphrastic and an inflectional passive construction, but in the past tense, most ablaut (strong) verbs cannot form the inflectional passive (e.g. ∗ \ast skreves ‘was written’, ∗ \ast bares ‘was carried’). Various explanations for these restrictions have been proposed in the literature, but their historical background has not been investigated in any detail. This article focusses on the passive restrictions in Late Modern Danish, using various sources mainly from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is shown that while lexical restrictions on the past-tense s-passive are already mentioned in eighteenth and nineteenth-century grammars, the grammaticality of the individual forms has changed; for instance, the now obsolete form skreves ‘was written’ is attested in several Late Modern Danish sources. Furthermore, the primary sources differ greatly with respect to their use of the passive in the past tense. I suggest that sociolinguistic variables, such as level of education and formality of the texts, must be taken into account when trying to explain the development of the Danish passive, and that the lexical restrictions on past-tense s-passives may in fact be a side effect of standardization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Don't Lose the Message While Paraphrasing: A Study on Content Preserving Style Transfer

Abstract: Text style transfer techniques are gaining popularity in natural language processing allowing paraphrasing text in the required form: from toxic to neural, from formal to informal, from old to the modern English language, etc. Solving the task is not sufficient to generate some neural/informal/modern text, but it is important to preserve the original content unchanged. This requirement becomes even more critical in some applications such as style transfer of goal-oriented dialogues where the factual information shall be kept to preserve the original message, e.g. ordering a certain type of pizza to a certain address at a certain time. The aspect of content preservation is critical for real-world applications of style transfer studies, but it has received little attention. To bridge this gap we perform a comparison of various style transfer models on the example of the formality transfer domain. To perform a study of the content preservation abilities of various style transfer methods we create a parallel dataset of formal vs. informal task-oriented dialogues. The key difference between our dataset and the existing ones like GYAFC [17] is the presence of goal-oriented dialogues with predefined semantic slots essential to be kept during paraphrasing, e.g. named entities. This additional annotation allowed us to conduct a precise comparative study of several state-of-the-art techniques for style transfer. Another result of our study is a modification of the unsupervised method LEWIS [19] which yields a substantial improvement over the original method and all evaluated baselines on the proposed task.

Non-formality of Voronov's Swiss-Cheese operads

Abstract: The Swiss-Cheese operads, which encode actions of algebras over the little $n$-cubes operad on algebras over the little $(n-1)$-cubes operad, comes in several variants. We prove that the variant in which open operations must have at least one open input is not formal in characteristic zero. This is slightly stronger than earlier results of Livernet and Willwacher. The obstruction to formality that we find lies in arity $(2, 2^n)$, rather than $(2, 0)$ (Livernet) or $(4, 0)$ (Willwacher).

The Job Ladder

Abstract: Abstract Using a range of countries from the Global South, this book examines heterogeneity within informal work by applying a common conceptual framework and empirical methodology. The country studies use panel data to study the dynamics of worker transitions between formal and heterogeneous, informal work. The range of country studies in the book (covering Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa) allow us to present a comparative perspective across developing countries. Each country study provides a nuanced view of informality, dividing workers into six work status groups: formal wage-employees, upper-tier informal wage-employees, lower-tier informal wage-employees, formal self-employed, upper-tier informal self-employed, and lower-tier informal self-employed. Based on this common conceptual framework, the country studies examine the distribution of workers between each of these work status groups. Using panel data, the country studies document transition patterns across different formality and work status groups. The panel data analysed in each country study gives a basis for making statements about labour market transitions that are not warranted when using comparable cross sections. In addition to measuring the distribution of workers and transitions between work status groups, each country study also examines individual-level and household-level characteristics associated with workers in each work status. Using these characteristics, each country study constructs a ‘job ladder’ that ranks each work status. The country studies then examine the characteristics of workers that are associated with transitions up (and down) the job ladder.

Innovative methods in teaching writing in English

Abstract: The study was undertaken with the help of the following methods of research: analysis of the theoretical and methodical literature, questionnaires, conversations with teachers, analysis of written works of students. Students' written works contain the following shortcomings: incomplete disclosure of the topic; inability to formulate the main idea, to argue their thoughts, to ensure intra-textual coherence, to formalize the text structurally and logically correctly, to divide it into paragraphs, to self-edit the text; failure to comply with the required level of formality. The results of questionnaires, conversations with teachers, analysis of written works of students shows a low level of proficiency in written speech of the respondents.