Showing papers on "Forward osmosis published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of reverse osmosis of pure milk protein solutions and skim milk showed that inorganic ions increased the resistance to flow of the deposited layer considerably, and the pressure loss through the layer Δ pL was found by experiment.
Abstract: During the concentration of milk by reverse osmosis deposited layers are formed on the membrane which constitute an additional resistance to permeation. Permeation is seen as mass flow through two resistances, namely laminar flow through the deposited layer and transport by diffusion through the membrane. A comparison of reverse osmosis of pure milk protein solutions and skim milk showed that inorganic ions increased the resistance to flow of the deposited layer considerably. The pressure loss through the deposited layer Δ pL was found by experiment. By means of regression analysis, mathematical relationships could be obtained to describe the effects of the processing variables on it.
20 citations
TL;DR: Reverse Osmosis (RO) has proved reliable and economically attractive in sea and brackish water desalination and in the production of pure water as discussed by the authors, and to a large extent this success has to be credited to the new polymer membranes which have been commercially introduced during the last 10 years.
Abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) has proved reliable and economically attractive in sea- and brackish water desalination and in the production of pure water. To a large extent this success has to be credited to the new polymer membranes which have been commercially introduced during the last 10 years. Although primarily developed for seawater desalination, their application in the treatment of industrial effluents is tempting because of their separation potential for many organic chemicals. With respect to industrial effluents, this quality is of central importance since such effluents often contain organics as solvents. Reverse osmosis is very suitable for the treatment of industrial effluents since:
Its modular design allows integration into the individual production process and, consequently, adaption to each individual separation problem;
The chemicals are separated without any thermal or chemical degradation, thus allowing recovery, at least in principle.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of HT-RO elements for dewatering high temperature sugar solutions is highlighted, as well as its performance characteristics at high temperatures are discussed. And the special design features of the high temperature RO (HT-RO) membrane elements are shown.
5 citations
Patent•
26 Aug 1988
TL;DR: Reverse osmosis process, in particular for water treatment, in which a solution is fed to a semipermeable membrane, separating it into concentrate on the entry side and permeate on the exit side of the membrane, is flushed with the solution, the flushing being carried out periodically and only within a wash time (t).
Abstract: Reverse osmosis process, in particular for water treatment, in which a solution is fed to a semipermeable membrane, separating it into concentrate on the entry side and permeate on the exit side of the membrane, which, to remove or prevent deposits, precipitations, blockages or the like and to conduct away the concentrate, is flushed with the solution, the flushing being carried out periodically and only within a wash time (t) which is considerably smaller than the flushing period.
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, design improvements based on these higher pressures are studied and their effects on new plant capital and operating cost for Middle East site conditions are evaluated, and the results show that operation at higher pressures can result in a more economic process design.
Abstract: Most commercial seawater reverse osmosis plants designed to date are driven using a feed pressure in the range of 800–1000 psig (5500–6900 kPa). Membranes rated at 1200 psig (8300 kPa) are now available and it is reasonable to expect membranes capable of even higher pressure operation in the near future. Operation at these higher pressures can result in a more economic process design. In this paper, design improvements based on these higher pressures are studied and their effects on new plant capital and operating cost for Middle East site conditions are evaluated.